Cristen J. Willer, Ellen M. Schmidt, Sebanti Sengupta, Gina M. Peloso, Stefan Gustafsson, Stavroula Kanoni, Andrea Ganna, Jin Chen, Martin L. Buchkovich, Samia Mora, Jacques S. Beckmann, Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham, Hsing-Yi Chang, Ayse Demirkan, Heleen M. Den Hertog, Ron Do, Louise A. Donnelly, Georg B. Ehret, Tõnu Esko, Mary F. Feitosa, Teresa Ferreira, Krista Fischer, Pierre Fontanillas, Ross M. Fraser, Daniel F. Freitag, Deepti Gurdasani, Kauko Heikkilä, Elina Hyppönen, Aaron Isaacs, Anne U. Jackson, Åsa Johansson, Toby Johnson, Marika Kaakinen, Johannes Kettunen, Marcus E. Kleber, Xiaohui Li, Jian'an Luan, Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Massimo Mangino, Evelin Mihailov, May E. Montasser, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Ilja M. Nolte, Jeffrey R. O'Connell, Cameron D. Palmer, Markus Perola, Ann-Kristin Petersen, Serena Sanna, Richa Saxena, Susan K. Service, Sonia Shah, Dmitry Shungin, Carlo Sidore, Ci Song, Rona J. Strawbridge, Ida Surakka, Toshiko Tanaka, Tanya M. Teslovich, Gudmar Thorleifsson, Evita G. Van Den Herik, Benjamin F. Voight, Kelly A. Volcik, Lindsay L. Waite, Andrew Wong, Ying Wu, Weihua Zhang, Devin Absher, Gershim Asiki, Inês Barroso, Latonya F. Been, Jennifer L. Bolton, Lori L. Bonnycastle, Paolo Brambilla, Mary S. Burnett, Giancarlo Cesana, Maria Dimitriou, Alex S. F. Doney, Angela Döring, Paul Elliott, Stephen E. Epstein, Gudmundur Ingi Eyjolfsson, Bruna Gigante, Mark O. Goodarzi, Harald Grallert, Martha L. Gravito, Christopher J. Groves, Göran Hallmans, Anna-Liisa Hartikainen, Caroline Hayward, Dena Hernandez, Andrew A. Hicks, Hilma Holm, Yi-Jen Hung, Thomas Illig, Michelle R. Jones, Pontiano Kaleebu, John J. P. Kastelein, Kay-Tee Khaw, Eric Kim, Norman Klopp, Pirjo Komulainen, Meena Kumari, Claudia Langenberg, Terho Lehtimäki, Shih-Yi Lin, Jaana Lindström, Ruth J. F. Loos, François Mach, Wendy L. McArdle, Christa Meisinger, Braxton D. Mitchell, Gabrielle Müller, Ramaiah Nagaraja, Narisu Narisu, Tuomo V. M. Nieminen, Rebecca N. Nsubuga, Isleifur Olafsson, Ken K. Ong, Aarno Palotie, Theodore Papamarkou, Cristina Pomilla, Anneli Pouta, Daniel J. Rader, Muredach P. Reilly, Paul M. Ridker, Fernando Rivadeneira, Igor Rudan, Aimo Ruokonen, Nilesh Samani, Hubert Scharnagl, Janet Seeley, Kaisa Silander, Alena Stancáková, Kathleen Stirrups, Amy J. Swift, Laurence Tiret, Andre G. Uitterlinden, L. Joost Van Pelt, Sailaja Vedantam, Nicholas Wainwright, Cisca Wijmenga, Sarah H. Wild, Gonneke Willemsen, Tom Wilsgaard, James F. Wilson, Elizabeth H. Young, Jing Hua Zhao, Linda S. Adair, Dominique Arveiler, Themistocles L. Assimes, Stefania Bandinelli, Franklyn Bennett, Murielle Bochud, Bernhard O. Boehm, Dorret I. Boomsma, Ingrid B. Borecki, Stefan R. Bornstein, Pascal Bovet, Michel Burnier, Harry Campbell, Aravinda Chakravarti, John C. Chambers, Yii-Der Ida Chen, Francis S. Collins, Richard S. Cooper, John Danesh, George Dedoussis, Ulf De Faire, Alan B. Feranil, Jean Ferrières, Luigi Ferrucci, Nelson B. Freimer, Christian Gieger, Leif C. Groop, Vilmundur Gudnason, Ulf Gyllensten, Anders Hamsten, Tamara B. Harris, Aroon Hingorani, Joel N. Hirschhorn, Albert Hofman, G. Kees Hovingh, Chao Agnes Hsiung, Steve E. Humphries, Steven C. Hunt, Kristian Hveem, Carlos Iribarren, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Antti Jula, Mika Kähönen, Jaakko Kaprio, Antero Kesäniemi, Mika Kivimaki, Jaspal S. Kooner, Peter J. Koudstaal, Ronald M. Krauss, Diana Kuh, Johanna Kuusisto, Kirsten O. Kyvik, Markku Laakso, Timo A. Lakka, Lars Lind, Cecilia M. Lindgren, Nicholas G. Martin, Winfried März, Mark I. McCarthy, Colin A. McKenzie, Pierre Meneton, Andres Metspalu, Leena Moilanen, Andrew D. Morris, Patricia B. Munroe, Inger Njølstad, Nancy L. Pedersen, Chris Power, Peter P. Pramstaller, Jackie F. Price, Bruce M. Psaty, Thomas Quertermous, Rainer Rauramaa, Danish Saleheen, Veikko Salomaa, Dharambir K. Sanghera, Jouko Saramies, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Wayne H.-H. Sheu, Alan R. Shuldiner, Agneta Siegbahn, Tim D. Spector, Kari Stefansson, David P. Strachan, Bamidele O. Tayo, Elena Tremoli, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Matti Uusitupa, Cornelia M. Van Duijn, Peter Vollenweider, Lars Wallentin, Nicholas J. Wareham, John B. Whitfield, Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel, Jose M. Ordovas, Eric Boerwinkle, Colin N. A. Palmer, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir, Daniel I. Chasman, Jerome I. Rotter, Paul W. Franks, Samuli Ripatti, L. Adrienne Cupples, Manjinder S. Sandhu, Stephen S. Rich, Michael Boehnke, Panos Deloukas, Sekar Kathiresan, Karen L. Mohlke, Erik Ingelsson, Gonçalo R. Abecasis
Levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and total cholesterol are heritable, modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease. To identify new loci and refine known loci influencing these lipids, we examined 188,577 individuals using genome-wide and custom genotyping arrays. We identify and annotate 157 loci associated with lipid levels at P < 5 × 10 -8, including 62 loci not previously associated with lipid levels in humans. Using dense genotyping in individuals of European, East Asian, South Asian and African ancestry, we narrow association signals in 12 loci. We find that loci associated with blood lipid levels are often associated with cardiovascular and metabolic traits, including coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, blood pressure, waist-hip ratio and body mass index. Our results demonstrate the value of using genetic data from individuals of diverse ancestry and provide insights into the biological mechanisms regulating blood lipids to guide future genetic, biological and therapeutic research. © 2013 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved.
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Service of Medical Genetics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Preventive Medicine and Health Services Research, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom; Cardiology, Department of Specialities of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Hjelt Institute, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Immunology Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Genome Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany; Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, Hills Road, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Genetics, Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato, Italy; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Center, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita di Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Research Branch, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; DeCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States; HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, London, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Ealing Hospital, Southall, United Kingdom; MRC/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, United States; Research Centre on Public Health, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece; Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Laboratory in Mjodd, Reykjavik, Iceland; Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometrics, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Lahti, Finland; Division of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Genetic Epidemiology Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Statistical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland; Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences/Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; LifeLines Cohort Study, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), Florence, Italy; Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany; Ministry of Health, VIC, United States; Service of Nephrology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom; Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Medical School, Maywood, IL, United States; Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Talamban, Cebu City, Philippines; Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University School of Medicine, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland; Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography and Biometry, National Institute on Ageing, Bethesda, MD, United States; Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway; Kaiser Permanente, Division of Research, Oakland, CA, United States; Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland; Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Oulu and Clinical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, United States; Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Odense Patient Data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Synlab Academy, Synlab Services, Mannheim, Germany; Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica; INSERM U872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy; Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Unit of Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; South Karelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrine and Metabolism, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland; Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria; King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; RECAVA, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, National Center for Cardiovascular Investigation, Madrid, Spain; Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados)-Alimentacion, Madrid, Spain; Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States; Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
