Cristian Pattaro, Alexander Teumer, Mathias Gorski, Audrey Y. Chu, Man Li, Vladan Mijatovic, Maija Garnaas, Adrienne Tin, Rossella Sorice, Yong Li, Daniel Taliun, Matthias Olden, Meredith Foster, Qiong Yang, Ming-Huei Chen, Tune H. Pers, Andrew D. Johnson, Yi-An Ko, Christian Fuchsberger, Bamidele Tayo, Michael Nalls, Mary F. Feitosa, Aaron Isaacs, Abbas Dehghan, Pio D'Adamo, Adebowale Adeyemo, Aida Karina Dieffenbach, Alan B. Zonderman, Ilja M. Nolte, Peter J. Van Der Most, Alan F. Wright, Alan R. Shuldiner, Alanna C. Morrison, Albert Hofman, Albert V. Smith, Albert W. Dreisbach, Andre Franke, Andre G. Uitterlinden, Andres Metspalu, Anke Tonjes, Antonio Lupo, Antonietta Robino, Åsa Johansson, Ayse Demirkan, Barbara Kollerits, Barry I. Freedman, Belen Ponte, Ben A. Oostra, Bernhard Paulweber, Bernhard K. Krämer, Braxton D. Mitchell, Brendan M. Buckley, Carmen A. Peralta, Caroline Hayward, Catherine Helmer, Charles N. Rotimi, Christian M. Shaffer, Christian Müller, Cinzia Sala, Cornelia M. Van Duijn, Aude Saint-Pierre, Daniel Ackermann, Daniel Shriner, Daniela Ruggiero, Daniela Toniolo, Yingchang Lu, Daniele Cusi, Darina Czamara, David Ellinghaus, David S. Siscovick, Douglas Ruderfer, Christian Gieger, Harald Grallert, Elena Rochtchina, Elizabeth J. Atkinson, Elizabeth G. Holliday, Eric Boerwinkle, Erika Salvi, Erwin P. Bottinger, Federico Murgia, Fernando Rivadeneira, Florian Ernst, Florian Kronenberg, Frank B. Hu, Gerjan J. Navis, Gary C. Curhan, George B. Ehret, Georg Homuth, Stefan Coassin, Gian-Andri Thun, Giorgio Pistis, Giovanni Gambaro, Giovanni Malerba, Grant W. Montgomery, Gudny Eiriksdottir, Gunnar Jacobs, Guo Li, H-Erich Wichmann, Harry Campbell, Helena Schmidt, Henri Wallaschofski, Henry Völzke, Hermann Brenner, Heyo K. Kroemer, Holly Kramer, Honghuang Lin, I. Mateo Leach, Ian Ford, Idris Guessous, Igor Rudan, Inga Prokopenko, Ingrid Borecki, Iris M. Heid, Ivana Kolcic, Ivana Persico, J. Wouter Jukema, James F. Wilson, Janine F. Felix, Jasmin Divers, Jean-Charles Lambert, Jeanette M. Stafford, Jean-Michel Gaspoz, Jennifer A. Smith, Jessica D. Faul, Jie Jin Wang, Jingzhong Ding, Joel N. Hirschhorn, John Attia, John B. Whitfield, John Chalmers, Jorma Viikari, Josef Coresh, Joshua C. Denny, Juha Karjalainen, Jyotika K. Fernandes, Karlhans Endlich, Katja Butterbach, Keith L. Keene, Kurt Lohman, Laura Portas, Lenore J. Launer, Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen, Loic Yengo, Lude Franke, Luigi Ferrucci, Lynda M. Rose, Lyudmyla Kedenko, Madhumathi Rao, Maksim Struchalin, Marcus E. Kleber, Margherita Cavalieri, Margot Haun, Marilyn C. Cornelis, Marina Ciullo, Mario Pirastu, Mariza De Andrade, Mark A. McEvoy, Mark Woodward, Martin Adam, Massimiliano Cocca, Matthias Nauck, Medea Imboden, Melanie Waldenberger, Menno Pruijm, Marie Metzger, Michael Stumvoll, Michele K. Evans, Michele M. Sale, Mika Kähönen, Mladen Boban, Murielle Bochud, Myriam Rheinberger, Niek Verweij, Nabila Bouatia-Naji, Nicholas G. Martin, Nick Hastie, Nicole Probst-Hensch, Nicole Soranzo, Olivier Devuyst, Olli Raitakari, Omri Gottesman, Oscar H. Franco, Ozren Polasek, Paolo Gasparini, Patricia B. Munroe, Paul M. Ridker, Paul Mitchell, Paul Muntner, Christa Meisinger, Johannes H. Smit, Goncalo R. Abecasis, Linda S. Adair, Myriam Alexander, David Altshuler, Najaf Amin, Dan E. Arking, Pankaj Arora, Yurii Aulchenko, Stephan J.L. Bakker, Stefania Bandinelli, Ines Barroso, Jacques S. Beckmann, John P. Beilby, Richard N. Bergman, Sven Bergmann, Joshua C. Bis, Michael Boehnke, Lori L. Bonnycastle, Stefan R. Bornstein, Michiel L. Bots, Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham, Stefan-Martin Brand, Eva Brand, Peter S. Braund, Morris J. Brown, Paul R. Burton, Juan P. Casas, Mark J. Caulfield, Aravinda Chakravarti, John C. Chambers, Giriraj R. Chandak, Yen-Pei C. Chang, Fadi J. Charchar, Nish Chaturvedi, Yoon Shin Cho, Robert Clarke, Francis S. Collins, Rory Collins, John M. Connell, Jackie A. Cooper, Matthew N. Cooper, Richard S. Cooper, Anna Maria Corsi, Marcus Dörr, Santosh Dahgam, John Danesh, George Davey Smith, Ian N.M. Day, Panos Deloukas, Matthew Denniff, Anna F. Dominiczak, Yanbin Dong, Ayo Doumatey, Paul Elliott, Roberto Elosua, Jeanette Erdmann, Susana Eyheramendy, Martin Farrall, Cristiano Fava, Terrence Forrester, F. Gerald R. Fowkes, Ervin R. Fox, Timothy M. Frayling, Pilar Galan, Santhi K. Ganesh, Melissa Garcia, Tom R. Gaunt, Nicole L. Glazer, Min Jin Go, Anuj Goel, Jürgen Grässler, Diederick E. Grobbee, Leif Groop, Simonetta Guarrera, Xiuqing Guo, David Hadley, Anders Hamsten, Bok-Ghee Han, Rebecca Hardy, Anna-Liisa Hartikainen, Simon Heath, Susan R. Heckbert, Bo Hedblad, Serge Hercberg, Dena Hernandez, Andrew A. Hicks, Gina Hilton, Aroon D. Hingorani, Judith A. Hoffman Bolton, Jemma C. Hopewell, Philip Howard, Steve E. Humphries, Steven C. Hunt, Kristian Hveem, M. Arfan Ikram, Muhammad Islam, Naoharu Iwai, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin, Anne U. Jackson, Tazeen H. Jafar, Charles S. Janipalli, Toby Johnson, Sekar Kathiresan, Kay-Tee Khaw, Hyung-Lae Kim, Sanjay Kinra, Yoshikuni Kita, Mika Kivimaki, Jaspal S. Kooner, M.J. Kranthi Kumar, Diana Kuh, Smita R. Kulkarni, Meena Kumari, Johanna Kuusisto, Tatiana Kuznetsova, Markku Laakso, Maris Laan, Jaana Laitinen, Edward G. Lakatta, Carl D. Langefeld, Martin G. Larson, Mark Lathrop, Debbie A. Lawlor, Robert W. Lawrence, Jong-Young Lee, Nanette R. Lee, Daniel Levy, Yali Li, Will T. Longstreth, Jian'an Luan, Gavin Lucas, Barbara Ludwig, Massimo Mangino, K. Radha Mani, Michael G. Marmot, Francesco U.S. Mattace-Raso, Giuseppe Matullo, Wendy L. McArdle, Colin A. McKenzie, Thomas Meitinger, Olle Melander, Pierre Meneton, James F. Meschia, Tetsuro Miki, Yuri Milaneschi, Karen L. Mohlke, Vincent Mooser, Mario A. Morken, Richard W. Morris, Thomas H. 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Reduced glomerular filtration rate defines chronic kidney disease and is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), combining data across 133,413 individuals with replication in up to 42,166 individuals. We identify 24 new and confirm 29 previously identified loci. Of these 53 loci, 19 associate with eGFR among individuals with diabetes. Using bioinformatics, we show that identified genes at eGFR loci are enriched for expression in kidney tissues and in pathways relevant for kidney development and transmembrane transporter activity, kidney structure, and regulation of glucose metabolism. Chromatin state mapping and DNase I hypersensitivity analyses across adult tissues demonstrate preferential mapping of associated variants to regulatory regions in kidney but not extra-renal tissues. These findings suggest that genetic determinants of eGFR are mediated largely through direct effects within the kidney and highlight important cell types and biological pathways. © 2016, Nature Publishing Group. All rights reserved.
Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, Bolzano, 39100, Italy; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Straße 15a, Greifswald, 17487, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Strasse 48, Greifswald, 17487, Germany; Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, Regensburg, 93053, Germany; Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, Regensburg, 93053, Germany; Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue East, Boston, 02215, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, 21205, MD, United States; Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, Verona, 37134, Italy; Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, New Research Building77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Room 458, Boston, 02115, MA, United States; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso - CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, Napoli, 80131, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Freiburg, Berliner Allee 29, Freiburg, 79110, Germany; Division of Nephrology/Tufts Evidence Practice Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, 02111, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, 02118, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord ST B603, Boston, 02118, MA, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, 02115, MA, United States; Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 2142, MA, United States; NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Center for Population Studies, 73 Mt Wayte Avenue, Suite 2, Framingham, 01702, MA, United States; Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Boulevard, 405B Clinical Research Building, Philadelphia, 19104-4539, PA, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola Medical Center, 2160 S First Avenue, Maywood, 60153, IL, United States; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging/NIH, Building 35 - Porter Building, 1A1015, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States; Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Box 8506, St Louis, 63108, MO, United States; Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein 50, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Netherlands; Centre for Medical Systems Biology Leiden, Dr Molewaterplein 50, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Netherlands; Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, University of Trieste, via dell'Istria 65/1, Trieste, 34137, Italy; Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, MSC 5635, Building 12A, Room 4047, 12 South Dr, Bethesda, 20892-5635, MD, United States; 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Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler St Suite 453E, Houston, 77030, TX, United States; Icelandic Heart Association, Research Institute, Holtasmari 1, Kopavogur, 201, Iceland; University of Iceland, Sæmundargötu 2, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland; Division of Nephrology, University of Mississippi, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, 39216, MS, United States; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Schittenhelmstraße 12, Kiel, 24105, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 1738, Rotterdam, 3000 DR, Netherlands; Estonian Genome Center of University of Tartu (EGCUT), Riia 23B, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Estonian Biocenter, Riia 23, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, Leipzig, 04103, Germany; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Piazzale Aristide Stefani 1, Verona, 37126, Italy; Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Biomedical Center, SciLifeLab, Uppsala, SE- 75108, Sweden; Innsbruck Medical University, Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Schoepfstraße 41, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria; Internal Medicine Department, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, 27157-1053, NC, United States; Nephrology Division, Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, Geneve, 1211, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein 50, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Netherlands; First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, Salzburg, 5020, Austria; University Medical Centre Mannheim, 5th Department of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Theodor Kutzer Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, 68167, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Clinical Investigations Building, Western Rd, Cork, Ireland; Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco Medical School, San Francisco VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, 94121, CA, United States; INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897 - Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, F-33000, France; Université Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, F-33000, France; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, MRB4 (Light Hall), 2215-B Garland Avenue 1224, Nashville, 37232, TN, United States; University Heart Center Hamburg, Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany; Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy; INSERM U1078, Etablissement Français du Sang, CS 51819, 46 rue Félix Le Dantec, Brest Cedex 2, 29218, France; Institute of Molecular Genetics-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, Pavia, 27100, Italy; Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, United States; Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, Milano, 20142, Italy; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, Munich, 80804, Germany; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, United States; Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, United States; Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany; Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany; 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Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split Medical School, Šoltanska 2, Split, 21000, Croatia; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC, Netherlands; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN), Moreelsepark 1, Utrecht, 3511 EP, Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA, Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Netherlands; Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, 2326 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, 27157-1063, NC, United States; INSERM U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Pr, Calmette, Lille Cédex, 59019, France; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, 48109-2029, MI, United States; Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, #3456, Ann Arbor, 48104, MI, United States; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, Medical center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, 27157, NC, United States; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB 0330, Boston, 02115, MA, United States; University of Sydney, George Institute for Global Health, Level 10, King George V Building, 83-117 Missenden Road, Camperdown, 2050, NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, PO Box 52, Turku, 20521, Finland; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, 2024 East Monument St, Suite 2-600, Baltimore, 21287, MD, United States; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 448 Eskind Biomedical Library, 2209 Garland Avenue, Nashville, 37212, TN, United States; Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, PO Box 72, Groningen, 9700 AB, Netherlands; Division of Endocrinology, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, 29425, SC, United States; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Straße 23c, Greifswald, 17487, Germany; Center for Health Disparities, Department of Biology, East Carolina University, N209 Howell Science Complex Mailstop 551, 1001 East 10th Street, Greenville, 27858, NC, United States; Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Gateway Building, 3C309, 7201 Winsconsin Avenue, Bethesda, 20892-9205, MD, United States; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, 33520, Finland; CNRS UMR 8199, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, Lille, 59000, France; Lille Pasteur Institute, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, Lille, 59000, France; Lille II University, 42 Rue paul Duez, Lille, 59000, France; Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, 21250, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein, 50, Rotterdam, 603015 GE, Netherlands; Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein, 50, Rotterdam, 603015 GE, Netherlands; Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, 68167, Germany; Austrian Stroke Prevention Study, Department of Neurology, Division of Special Neurology, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, Graz, 8036, Austria; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, HRMC, Locked Bag 1, 2310, NSW, Australia; George Institute for Global Health, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF, United Kingdom; Service of Nephrology, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 17, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland; Inserm UMRS 1018, CESP Team 10, Université Paris-Sud, 16 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif, 94807, France; Health Disparities Research Section, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, NIH Biomedical Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, 21224, MD, United States; Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), University of Virginia, PO Box 800717, Charlottesville, 22908, VA, United States; Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, 33521, Finland; University Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, Epalinges, CH-1066, Switzerland; INSERM UMR970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), 56 rue Leblanc, Paris, F-75015, France; Paris Descartes University, Faculty of Medicine, Paris Cité Sorbonne, 12 Rue de l'école de Médecine, Paris, F-75006, France; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, 02115, MA, United States; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1HH, United Kingdom; University of Zurich, Institute of Physiology, Mechanisms of Inherited Kidney Disorders Group, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, PO Box 52, Turku, 20521, Finland; Department Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Harvard Medical School, 900 Commonwealth Avenue East, Boston, 02115, MA, United States; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine, 1530 3rd Avenue, South Birmingham, 35294-0022, AL, United States; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Epidemiology, 1530 3rd Avenue, South Birmingham, 35294-0022, AL, United States; Department of Psychiatry, EMGO+ Institute, VU University Medical Center, A.J. Ernststraat 1187, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, Netherlands; IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, Leipzig, 04103, Germany; Medical University Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, Mainz, 55131, Germany; Institute of Physiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, 17487, Germany; Clinic for Prosthodontic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Material Science, University of Greifswald, Rotgerberstraße 8, Greifswald, 17475, Germany; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, HRMC, Locked Bag 1, 2310, NSW, Australia; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Box 359606, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, 98104, WA, United States; Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, United States; Clinic for Internal Medicine A, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Straße 23a, Greifswald, 17475, Germany; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Sæmundargata 2, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland; Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, PO Box 52, Turku, 20521, Finland; Synlab Academy, Synlab Services GmbH, Oberer Eselsberg 45, Ulm, 89081, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II - Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Centre, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm, 89081, Germany; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, United States; Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Via Lorenz Bohler 5, Bolzano, 39100, Italy; Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck, 23538, Germany; University of Maryland Medical School, Division of Nephrology, MSTF 314, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, 21201, MD, United States; CRCHUM, University of Montreal, CHUM Research Center, Technopôle Angus, 900 Saint-Denis, Montreal, H2X 0A9, QC, Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, 02115, MA, United States; Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, 48103, MI, United States; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, United States; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, United States; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, United States; Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, United States; Center for Human Genetic Research, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, United States; Geriatric Rehabilitation Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), Florence, 50125, Italy; Département de Génétique Médicale, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033, CA, United States; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, United States; National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States; Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3508 GA, Netherlands; Leibniz-Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research, Department of Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; University Hospital Münster, Internal Medicine D, Münster, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, University Rd, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology, Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India; University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201, MD, United States; School of Science and Engineering, University of Ballarat, Ballarat, 3353, VIC, Australia; International Centre for Circulatory Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Seoul, South Korea; Clinical Trial Service Unit, Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, United Kingdom; University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom; Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Medical School, Maywood, IL, United States; Tuscany Regional Health Agency, Florence, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, 17487, Germany; Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, United Kingdom; BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom; Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, 30912, GA, United States; Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, Institut Municipal d'Investigacio Medica, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 88 Doctor Aiguader, Barcelona, 08003, Spain; Medizinische Klinik II, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany; Department of Statistics, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Vicuña Mackena, Santiago, 4860, Chile; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, SE-205 02, Sweden; Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica; Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St, Jackson, 39216, MS, United States; Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, United Kingdom; U557 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1125 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, F-93017, France; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, 48108, MI, United States; Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States; Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Unit, University Hospital, Malmö, SE-205 02, Sweden; Human Genetics Foundation (HUGEF), Via Lagrange 35, Torino, 10123, Italy; Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, 90048, CA, United States; Division of Community Health Sciences, St. George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, United Kingdom; Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, London, WC1B 5JU, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland; Centre National de Génotypage, Commissariat de l'Energie Atomique, Institut de Génomique, Evry, 91000, France; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, United States; Epidemiology Public Health, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular Genetics, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, 84132, UT, United States; HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, 7600, Norway; Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan; Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan; Department of Genomic Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Research Center, Suita, 565-8565, Japan; Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Research Center, Suita, 565-8565, Japan; Medical Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 5 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, 02142, MA, United States; Division of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, United Kingdom; Diabetes Unit, KEM Hospital and Research Centre, Rasta Peth, Pune, 411011, Maharashtra, India; Genetic Epidemiology Group, Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Kuopio, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland; Studies Coordinating Centre, Division of Hypertension and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Leuven, Campus Sint Rafaël, Kapucijnenvoer 35, Block D, Box 7001, Leuven, 3000, Belgium; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Aapistie 1, Oulu, 90220, Finland; Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, 21224, MD, United States; Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, 27157, NC, United States; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, 01702-5827, MA, United States; University of San Carlos, Office of Population Studies Foundation, Talamban, 6000, Cebu, Philippines; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, 44106, OH, United States; Department of Medicine and Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, United States; MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Via Santena 19, Torino, 10126, Italy; ALSPAC Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, United Kingdom; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany; U872 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, 75006, France; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, 32224, FL, United States; Department of Basic Medical Research and Education, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, 791-0295, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, 791-0295, Japan; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, United States; Division of Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, 19101, PA, United States; Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, NW3 2PF, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, 39216, MS, United States; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, 21224-6825, MD, United States; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, 565-0871, Japan; Tohoku University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicine, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138672, Singapore; Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy; Columbia University, New York, 10027, NY, United States; Amgen, 1 Kendall Square, Building 100, Cambridge, 02139, MA, United States; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland; Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, 07065, NJ, United States; South Asia Network for Chronic Disease, Public Health Foundation of India, C-1/52, SDA, New Delhi, 100016, India; Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, 63110, MO, United States; Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, 98105, WA, United States; Department of Emergency and Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41685, Sweden; Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, 27157, NC, United States; University of Ibadan, PMB 5017, Ibadan, Nigeria; Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, 94143, CA, United States; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, W6 8RF, United Kingdom; Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore; Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, 21000, Croatia; Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0317, Norway; Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland; Lifestyle-related Disease Prevention Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan; Tallinn University of Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, 19086, Estonia; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21205, MD, United States; Lapland Central Hospital, Department of Physiatrics, Box 8041, Rovaniemi, 96101, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology, and Nephrology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, 41-800, Poland; Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan; Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Institute, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China; Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan; Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan; Laboratory for Medical Informatics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, 768828, Singapore; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 168751, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore; Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, 3002, VIC, Australia; Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, United States; Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore; Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187 Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, 70112, LA, United States; Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan; Laboratory for International Alliance, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan; Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan; Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, United States; Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany; Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, München, 80636, Germany; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305-5101, CA, United States; Division of Cardiovascular and Neuronal Remodelling, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany; Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, 33521, Finland; John and Jennifer Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, K1Y 4W7, ON, Canada; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland; Hudson Alpha Institute, Huntsville, 35806, AL, United States; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, K1Y 4W7, ON, Canada; Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 6997801, Israel; International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley, 94704, CA, United States; Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, United States; Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, United States; Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, United States; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, 94611, CA, United States; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143, CA, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 7255 Old Oak Blvd, Cleveland, 44130, OH, United States; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Universitätsmedizin, Mainz, 55122, Germany; Institut für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmediizin, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Universitätsmedizin, Mainz, 55122, Germany; INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre and Marie Curie University (UPMC, Paris 6), Medical School, Paris, 75005, France; Boston University, School of Public Health, Boston, 02118, MA, United States; University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (A.R.F.), Minneapolis, 55454, MN, United States; University of Washington, Department of Internal Medicine, Seattle, 98195-6420, WA, United States; University of Texas, School of Public Health, Houston, 77030, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Molecular Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Ulm, Ulm, 89069, Germany; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria; Synlab Center of Laboratory Diagnostics Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69037, Germany; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, 79085, Germany; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria; Cardiology Group Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen, Frankfurt, 60594, Germany; Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, United States; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Medstar Health Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, 20010, DC, United States; Genetics Division and Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, 19406, PA, United States; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-5158, PA, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; LIGHT Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27516, NC, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599-7435, NC, United States; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709, NC, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27514, NC, United States; University of Texas, Houston Health Science Center, Houston, 77030, TX, United States; Texas Heart Institute, Houston, 77225-0345, TX, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75185, Sweden; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55905, MN, United States; Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06097, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Netherlands; Medical Clinic 2, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23538, Germany; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden; Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06097, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 35294-0022, AL, United States; Division of Cardiology, University of Maryland Hospital, Baltimore, 21201, MD, United States; Institute of Medical Biometry, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55101, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
