Anubha Mahajan, Min Jin Go, Weihua Zhang, Jennifer E. Below, Kyle J. Gaulton, Teresa Ferreira, Momoko Horikoshi, Andrew D. Johnson, Maggie C.Y. Ng, Inga Prokopenko, Danish Saleheen, Xu Wang, Eleftheria Zeggini, Goncalo R. Abecasis, Linda S. Adair, Peter Almgren, Mustafa Atalay, Tin Aung, Damiano Baldassarre, Beverley Balkau, Yuqian Bao, Anthony H. Barnett, Ines Barroso, Abdul Basit, Latonya F. Been, John Beilby, Graeme I. Bell, Rafn Benediktsson, Richard N. Bergman, Bernhard OBoehm, Eric Boerwinkle, Lori L. Bonnycastle, Noël Burtt, Qiuyin Cai, Harry Campbell, Jason Carey, Stephane Cauchi, Mark Caulfield, Juliana C.N. Chan, Li-Ching Chang, Tien-Jyun Chang, Yi-Cheng Chang, Guillaume Charpentier, Chien-Hsiun Chen, Han Chen, Yuan-Tsong Chen, Kee-Seng Chia, Manickam Chidambaram, Peter S. Chines, Nam H. Cho, Young Min Cho, Lee-Ming Chuang, Francis S. Collins, Marilyn C. Cornelis, David J. Couper, Andrew T. Crenshaw, Rob M. Van Dam, John Danesh, Debashish Das, Ulf De Faire, George Dedoussis, Panos Deloukas, Antigone S. Dimas, Christian Dina, Alex S.F. Doney, Peter J. Donnelly, Mozhgan Dorkhan, Cornelia Van Duijn, Josée Dupuis, Sarah Edkins, Paul Elliott, Valur Emilsson, Raimund Erbel, Johan G. Eriksson, Jorge Escobedo, Tonu Esko, Elodie Eury, Jose C. Florez, Pierre Fontanillas, Nita G. Forouhi, Tom Forsen, Caroline Fox, Ross M. Fraser, Timothy M. Frayling, Philippe Froguel, Philippe Frossard, Yutang Gao, Karl Gertow, Christian Gieger, Bruna Gigante, Harald Grallert, George B. Grant, Leif C. Groop, Christopher J. Groves, Elin Grundberg, Candace Guiducci, Anders Hamsten, Bok-Ghee Han, Kazuo Hara, Neelam Hassanali, Andrew T. Hattersley, Caroline Hayward, Asa K. Hedman, Christian Herder, Albert Hofman, Oddgeir L. Holmen, Kees Hovingh, Astradur B. Hreidarsson, Cheng Hu, Frank B. Hu, Jennie Hui, Steve E. Humphries, Sarah E. Hunt, David J. Hunter, Kristian Hveem, Zafar I. Hydrie, Hiroshi Ikegami, Thomas Illig, Erik Ingelsson, Muhammed Islam, Bo Isomaa, Anne U. Jackson, Tazeen Jafar, Alan James, Weiping Jia, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Anna Jonsson, Jeremy B.M. Jowett, Takashi Kadowaki, Hyun Min Kang, Stavroula Kanoni, Wen Hong L Kao, Sekar Kathiresan, Norihiro Kato, Prasad Katulanda, Sirkka M. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Ann M. Kelly, Hassan Khan, Kay-Tee Khaw, Chiea-Chuen Khor, Hyung-Lae Kim, Sangsoo Kim, Young Jin Kim, Leena Kinnunen, Norman Klopp, Augustine Kong, Eeva Korpi-Hyövälti, Sudhir Kowlessur, Peter Kraft, Jasmina Kravic, Malene M. Kristensen, S. Krithika, Ashish Kumar, Jesus Kumate, Johanna Kuusisto, Soo Heon Kwak, Markku Laakso, Vasiliki Lagou, Timo A. Lakka, Claudia Langenberg, Cordelia Langford, Robert Lawrence, Karin Leander, Jen-Mai Lee, Nanette R. Lee, Man Li, Xinzhong Li, Yun Li, Junbin Liang, Samuel Liju, Wei-Yen Lim, Lars Lind, Cecilia M. Lindgren, Eero Lindholm, Ching-Ti Liu, Jian Jun Liu, Stéphane Lobbens, Jirong Long, Ruth J.F. 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Rossin, Igor Rudan, Denis Rybin, Timo E. Saaristo, Veikko Salomaa, Juha Saltevo, Maria Samuel, Dharambir KSanghera, Jouko Saramies, James Scott, Laura J. Scott, Robert A. Scott, Ayellet V. Segrè, Joban Sehmi, Bengt Sennblad, Nabi Shah, Sonia Shah, A. Samad Shera, Xiao Ou Shu, Alan R. Shuldiner, Gunnar Sigurosson, Eric Sijbrands, Angela Silveira, Xueling Sim, Suthesh Sivapalaratnam, Kerrin S. Small, Wing Yee So, Alena Stančáková, Kari Stefansson, Gerald Steinbach, Valgerdur Steinthorsdottir, Kathleen Stirrups, Rona J. Strawbridge, Heather M. Stringham, Qi Sun, Chen Suo, Ann-Christine Syvänen, Ryoichi Takayanagi, Fumihiko Takeuchi, Wan Ting Tay, Tanya M. Teslovich, Barbara Thorand, Gudmar Thorleifsson, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir, Emmi Tikkanen, Joseph Trakalo, Elena Tremoli, Mieke D. Trip, Fuu Jen Tsai, Tiinamaija Tuomi, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Andre G. Uitterlinden, Adan Valladares-Salgado, Sailaja Vedantam, Fabrizio Veglia, Benjamin F. Voight, Congrong Wang, Nicholas J. Wareham, Roman Wennauer, Ananda R. Wickremasinghe, Tom Wilsgaard, James F. Wilson, Steven Wiltshire, Wendy Winckler, Tien Yin Wong, Andrew R. Wood, Jer-Yuarn Wu, Ying Wu, Ken Yamamoto, Toshimasa Yamauchi, Mingyu Yang, Loic Yengo, Mitsuhiro Yokota, Robin Young, Delilah Zabaneh, Fan Zhang, Rong Zhang, Wei Zheng, Paul Z. Zimmet, David Altshuler, Donald W. Bowden, Yoon Shin Cho, Nancy J. Cox, Miguel Cruz, Craig L. Hanis, Jaspal Kooner, Jong-Young Lee, Mark Seielstad, Yik Ying Teo, Michael Boehnke, Esteban J. Parra, John C. Chambers, E. Shyong Tai, Mark I. McCarthy, Andrew P. Morris
To further understanding of the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) susceptibility, we aggregated published meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), including 26,488 cases and 83,964 controls of European, east Asian, south Asian and Mexican and Mexican American ancestry. We observed a significant excess in the directional consistency of T2D risk alleles across ancestry groups, even at SNPs demonstrating only weak evidence of association. By following up the strongest signals of association from the trans-ethnic meta-analysis in an additional 21,491 cases and 55,647 controls of European ancestry, we identified seven new T2D susceptibility loci. Furthermore, we observed considerable improvements in the fine-mapping resolution of common variant association signals at several T2D susceptibility loci. These observations highlight the benefits of trans-ethnic GWAS for the discovery and characterization of complex trait loci and emphasize an exciting opportunity to extend insight into the genetic architecture and pathogenesis of human diseases across populations of diverse ancestry. © 2014 Nature America, Inc. © 2014 Nature America, Inc.
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Gangoe-myeon, Yeonje-ri, Chungcheongbuk-do, Cheongwon-gun, South Korea; Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Oxford Centre for Diabetes,Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; National Heart,Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States; Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for Non-Communicable Diseases Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Clinical Science Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP) U1018, Villejuif, France; University Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China; College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; BioMedical Research Centre, Heart of England National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia; PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland; Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland; Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Medical Centre Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Lee Kong Chian (LKC) School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Biology, Lille 2 University, Lille, France; William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Endocrinology-Diabetology Unit, Corbeil-Essonnes Hospital, Corbeil-Essonnes, France; School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Chennai, India; Department of Preventive Medicine, Ajou University, School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom; Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece; Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland; Biomedical Sciences Research Center 'Alexander Fleming', Vari, Greece; INSERM UMR 1087, Nantes, France; CNRS UMR 6291, Nantes, France; Nantes University, Nantes, France; Diabetes Research Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Netherland Genomics Initiative, Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Rotterdam, Netherlands; MRC-Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland; West German Heart Centre, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University General Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Unidad de Investigacion en Epidemiologia Clinica, Hospital General Regional I, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States; Division of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Diabetes Research Center, Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Vaasa Health Care Centre, Vaasa, Finland; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China; Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group Diabetes, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Muenchen and Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Muenchen, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Technical University Muenchen and Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Muenchen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway; Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Endocrinology,Metabolism and Diabetes, Kinki University, School of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, Japan; Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Social Services and Health Care, Jakobstad, Finland; Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Institute for Medical Informatics,Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany; Baker International Diabetes Institute (IDI) Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science,Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, South Korea; Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; DeCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland; Ministry of Health, Port Louis, Mauritius; Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada; Fundacion IMSS, Mz. Poniente, Col. Juarez Deleg. Cuauhtemoc, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland; Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Office of Population Studies Foundation Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines; National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen, China; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden; Charles R. Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Child Health and Development Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Shanghai Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, China; General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, Chennai, India; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Medical Informatics,Biometry and Epidemiology, Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Department of Internal Medicine, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Chubu Rosai Hospital, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan; Oxford National Institute, Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; World Class University Program, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Internal Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Health Trust, Levanger, Norway; University General Hospital Attikon, Athens, 1 Rimini, Greece; Institute of Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Division of Rheumatology,Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Partners Center for Personalized Genomic Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Metabolic Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Health Science and Technology MD Program, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Boston University, Data Coordinating Center, Boston, MA, United States; Finnish Diabetes Association, Tampere, Finland; Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; Department of Medicine, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; South Karelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland; University College London Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics,Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Diabetic Association Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan; Division of Endocrinology,Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States; Program in Personalised and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Central Laboratory, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Internal Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria, Hospital Universario LaPaz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain; Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria; Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Bioquimica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Av. Cuauhtemoc 330, Mexico; University of Pennsylvania-Perelman, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Division of Genome Analysis, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan; University Lille 1, Laboratory of Mathematics, INRIA Lille Nord-Europe, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France; Department of Genome Science, Aichi-Gakuin University, School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Molecular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea; Human Genetics Center, University of Texas, Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States; Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Duke-National University, Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
