Frances Edillo, Anthony Kiszewski, Justin Manjourides, Marcello Pagano, Michael Hutchinson, Andrew Kyle, Jorge Arias, David Gaines, Richard Lampman, Robert Novak, Ivo Foppa, Charles Lubelcyzk, Robert Smith, Abelardo Moncayo, Andrew Spielman, Louise Bugbee, Jennifer S. Armistead, Jennifer H. Gentry, Penelope Smelser, Michael Anderson, Mario Boisvert
We assessed the structure and latitudinal selection that might result in sensitivities to critical day-lengths that trigger diapause between Culex pipiens populations distributed along North-South and East-West axes in eastern North America. Strong population structure between Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus existed. Among Cx. p. pipiens, a 100-km increase in the latitudinal change resulted in an increased square root of FST by 0.002. A 100-km increase in the longitudinal change caused an increased square root of FST by 0.035. A lack of latitudinal influence on the structure between Cx. p. pipiens populations suggests a uniform signal using the 12 microsatellite markers, which might increase the risk of West Nile virus (WNV) transmission toward northern areas because of longer breeding season, extend host-seeking period, and larger population size. Northern Cx. p. pipiens may have undergone additional generations before diapause is triggered, magnifying population size when WNV amplification is peaking. Copyright © 2009 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Biology, University of San Carlos, 6000 Cebu City, Philippines; Bentley College, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Waltham, MA 02454, United States; Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, PA 17105, United States; Fairfax Department of Health, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States; Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, Richmond, VA 23218, United States; Illinois Natural History Survey, Division for Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology, Champaign, IL 61820, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Vector-borne Disease Laboratory, South Portland, ME 04106, United States; Tennessee Department of Health Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Vectorborne Disease Section, Nashville, TN 37216, United States; Lehigh County Agricultural Center, Pennsylvania State Universities, Allentown, PA, United States; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, University of Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States; Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, Richmond, VA, United States; Vector Control Division, Norfolk Department of Public Health, Norfolk, VA, United States; Memphis and Shelby County Health Department, Memphis, TN, 2480 Central, United States; Société de Protection des Forêts Contre Les Insectes et Maladies, Québec, Canada
