Georg B. Ehret, Patricia B. Munroe, Kenneth M. Rice, Murielle Bochud, Andrew D. Johnson, Daniel I. Chasman, Albert V. Smith, Martin D. Tobin, Germaine C. Verwoert, Shih-Jen Hwang, Vasyl Pihur, Peter Vollenweider, Paul F. O'Reilly, Najaf Amin, Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham, Alexander Teumer, Nicole L. Glazer, Lenore Launer, Jing Hua Zhao, Yurii Aulchenko, Simon Heath, Siim Sober, Afshin Parsa, Jian'an Luan, Pankaj Arora, Abbas Dehghan, Feng Zhang, Gavin Lucas, Andrew A. Hicks, Anne U. Jackson, John F. Peden, Toshiko Tanaka, Sarah H. Wild, Igor Rudan, Wilmar Igl, Yuri Milaneschi, Alex N. Parker, Cristiano Fava, John C. Chambers, Ervin R. Fox, Meena Kumari, Min Jin Go, Pim van der Harst, Wen Hong Linda Kao, Marketa Sjögren, D.G. Vinay, Myriam Alexander, Yasuharu Tabara, Sue Shaw-Hawkins, Peter H. Whincup, Yongmei Liu, Gang Shi, Johanna Kuusisto, Bamidele Tayo, Mark Seielstad, Xueling Sim, Khanh-Dung Hoang Nguyen, Terho Lehtimäki, Giuseppe Matullo, Ying Wu, Tom R. Gaunt, N. Charlotte Onland-Moret, Matthew N. Cooper, Carl G. P. Platou, Elin Org, Rebecca Hardy, Santosh Dahgam, Jutta Palmen, Veronique Vitart, Peter S. Braund, Tatiana Kuznetsova, Cuno S. P. M. Uiterwaal, Adebowale Adeyemo, Walter Palmas, Harry Campbell, Barbara Ludwig, Maciej Tomaszewski, Ioanna Tzoulaki, Nicholette D. Palmer, Thor Aspelund, Melissa Garcia, Yen-Pei C. Chang, Jeffrey R. O'Connell, Nanette I. Steinle, Diederick E. Grobbee, Dan E. Arking, Sharon L. Kardia, Alanna C. Morrison, Dena Hernandez, Samer Najjar, Wendy L. McArdle, David Hadley, Morris J. Brown, John M. Connell, Aroon D. Hingorani, Ian N.M. Day, Debbie A. Lawlor, John P. Beilby, Robert W. Lawrence, Robert Clarke, Jemma C. Hopewell, Halit Ongen, Albert W. Dreisbach, Yali Li, J. Hunter Young, Joshua C. Bis, Mika Kähönen, Jorma Viikari, Linda S. Adair, Nanette R. Lee, Ming-Huei Chen, Matthias Olden, Cristian Pattaro, Judith A Hoffman Bolton, Anna Köttgen, Sven Bergmann, Vincent Mooser, Nish Chaturvedi, Timothy M. Frayling, Muhammad Islam, Tazeen H. Jafar, Jeanette Erdmann, Smita R. Kulkarni, Stefan R. Bornstein, Jürgen Grässler, Leif Groop, Benjamin F. Voight, Johannes Kettunen, Philip Howard, Andrew Taylor, Simonetta Guarrera, Fulvio Ricceri, Valur Emilsson, Andrew Plump, Inês Barroso, Kay-Tee Khaw, Alan B. Weder, Steven C. Hunt, Yan V. Sun, Richard N. Bergman, Francis S. Collins, Lori L. Bonnycastle, Laura J. Scott, Heather M. Stringham, Leena Peltonen, Markus Perola, Erkki Vartiainen, Stefan-Martin Brand, Jan A. Staessen, Thomas J. Wang, Paul R. Burton, Maria Soler Artigas, Yanbin Dong, Harold Snieder, Xiaoling Wang, Haidong Zhu, Kurt K. Lohman, Megan E. Rudock, Susan R. Heckbert, Nicholas L. Smith, Kerri L. Wiggins, Ayo Doumatey, Daniel Shriner, Gudrun Veldre, Margus Viigimaa, Sanjay Kinra, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Vikal Tripathy, Carl D. Langefeld, Annika Rosengren, Dag S. Thelle, Anna Maria Corsi, Andrew Singleton, Terrence Forrester, Gina Hilton, Colin A. McKenzie, Tunde Salako, Naoharu Iwai, Yoshikuni Kita, Toshio Ogihara, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Tomonori Okamura, Hirotsugu Ueshima, Satoshi Umemura, Susana Eyheramendy, Thomas Meitinger, H.-Erich Wichmann, Yoon Shin Cho, Hyung-Lae Kim, Jong-Young Lee, James Scott, Joban S. Sehmi, Weihua Zhang, Bo Hedblad, Peter Nilsson, George Davey Smith, Andrew Wong, Narisu Narisu, Alena Stančáková, Leslie J. Raffel, Jie Yao, Sekar Kathiresan, Christopher J. O'Donnell, Stephen M. Schwartz, M. Arfan Ikram, W.T. Longstreth Jr., Thomas H. Mosley, Sudha Seshadri, Nick R.G. Shrine, Louise V. Wain, Mario A. Morken, Amy J. Swift, Jaana Laitinen, Inga Prokopenko, Paavo Zitting, Jackie A. Cooper, Steve E. Humphries, John Danesh, Asif Rasheed, Anuj Goel, Anders Hamsten, Hugh Watkins, Stephan J. L. Bakker, Wiek H. van Gilst, Charles S. Janipalli, K. Radha Mani, Chittaranjan S. Yajnik, Albert Hofman, Francesco U. S. Mattace-Raso, Ben A. Oostra, Ayse Demirkan, Aaron Isaacs, Fernando Rivadeneira, Edward G. Lakatta, Marco Orru, Angelo Scuteri, Mika Ala-Korpela, Antti J. Kangas, Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen, Pasi Soininen, Taru Tukiainen, Peter Würtz, Rick Twee-HeeOng, Marcus Dörr, Heyo K. Kroemer, Uwe Völker, Henry Völzke, Pilar Galan, Serge Hercberg, Mark Lathrop, Diana Zelenika, Panos Deloukas, Massimo Mangino, Tim D. Spector, Guangju Zhai, James F. Meschia, Michael A. Nalls, Pankaj Sharma, Janos Terzic, M.V. Kranthi Kumar, Matthew Denniff, Ewa Zukowska-Szczechowska, Lynne E. Wagenknecht, F. Gerald R. Fowkes, Fadi J. Charchar, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Caroline Hayward, Xiuqing Guo, Charles Rotimi, Michiel L. Bots, Eva Brand, Nilesh J. Samani, Ozren Polasek, Philippa J. Talmud, Fredrik Nyberg, Diana Kuh, Maris Laan, Kristian Hveem, Lyle J. Palmer, Yvonne T. van der Schouw, Juan P. Casas, Karen L. Mohlke, Paolo Vineis, Olli Raitakari, Santhi K. Ganesh, Tien Y. Wong, E. Shyong Tai, Richard S. Cooper, Markku Laakso, Dabeeru C. Rao, Tamara B. Harris, Richard W. Morris, Anna F. Dominiczak, Mika Kivimaki, Michael G. Marmot, Tetsuro Miki, Danish Saleheen, Giriraj R. Chandak, Josef Coresh, Gerjan Navis, Veikko Salomaa, Bok-Ghee Han, Xiaofeng Zhu, Jaspal S. Kooner, Olle Melander, Paul M. Ridker, Stefania Bandinelli, Ulf B. Gyllensten, Alan F. Wright, James F. Wilson, Luigi Ferrucci, Martin Farrall, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Peter P. Pramstaller, Roberto Elosua, Nicole Soranzo, Eric J. G. Sijbrands, David Altshuler, Ruth J. F. Loos, Alan R. Shuldiner, Christian Gieger, Pierre Meneton, Andre G. Uitterlinden, Nicholas J. Wareham, Vilmundur Gudnason, Jerome I. Rotter, Rainer Rettig, Manuela Uda, David P. Strachan, Jacqueline C. M. Witteman, Anna-Liisa Hartikainen, Jacques S. Beckmann, Eric Boerwinkle, Ramachandran S. Vasan, Michael Boehnke, Martin G. Larson, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Bruce M. Psaty, Gonçalo R. Abecasis, Aravinda Chakravarti, Paul Elliott, Cornelia M. van Duijn, Christopher Newton-Cheh, Daniel Levy, Mark J. Caulfield, Toby Johnson
Blood pressure is a heritable trait influenced by several biological pathways and responsive to environmental stimuli. Over one billion people worldwide have hypertension (≥140mmg Hg systolic blood pressure ≥90mmg Hg diastolic blood pressure). Even small increments in blood pressure are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. This genome-wide association study of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which used a multi-stage design in 200,000 individuals of European descent, identified sixteen novel loci: six of these loci contain genes previously known or suspected to regulate blood pressure (GUCY1A3 GUCY1B3, NPR3 C5orf23, ADM, FURIN FES, GOSR2, GNAS EDN3); the other ten provide new clues to blood pressure physiology. A genetic risk score based on 29 genome-wide significant variants was associated with hypertension, left ventricular wall thickness, stroke and coronary artery disease, but not kidney disease or kidney function. We also observed associations with blood pressure in East Asian, South Asian and African ancestry individuals. Our findings provide new insights into the genetics and biology of blood pressure, and suggest potential novel therapeutic pathways for cardiovascular disease prevention. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Bugnon 17, Switzerland; Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva 14, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, Switzerland; Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, United States; National Heart Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20824, United States; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, 900 Commonwealth Avenue East, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Icelandic Heart Association, 201 Kópavogur, Iceland; University of Iceland, 101 Reykajvik, Iceland; Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, University Rd, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Netherland Genome Initiative (NGI), Erasmus 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands; Center for Population Studies, National Heart Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20824, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W21 PG, United Kingdom; Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, United States; Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, United States; Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Centre National de Génotypage, Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique, Institut de Génomique, 91057 Evry, France; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Riia 23, Estonia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Center for Human Genetic Research, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, Institut Municipal d'Investigacio Medica, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, 88 Doctor Aiguader, Spain; Institute of Genetic Medicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), 39100 Bolzano, Viale Druso 1, Italy; Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States; Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Health Sciences and Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine and Vet Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, United Kingdom; Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; Amgen, Cambridge, MA 02139, 1 Kendall Square, Building 100, United States; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden; Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; Ealing Hospital, London UB1 3HJ, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States; Genetic Epidemiology Group, Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Seoul 122-701, South Korea; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Hyderabad 500 007, Uppal Road, India; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB18RN, United Kingdom; Department of Basic Medical Research and Education, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, 791-0295, Japan; Division of Community Health Sciences, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom; Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States; Division of Biostatistics and Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Medical School, Maywood, IL 60153, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, 513 Parnassus Ave. San Francisco, United States; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore138672, Singapore; Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33521, Finland; Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Via Santena 19, Italy; Human Genetics Foundation (HUGEF), 10126 Torino, Via Nizza 52, Italy; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Netherlands; Complex Genetics Section, Department of Medical Genetics - DBG, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands; Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7600 Levanger, Norway; MRCUnit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, London WC1B 5JU, United Kingdom; Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH2, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom; Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, United Kingdom; Studies Coordinating Centre,Division of Hypertension and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Campus Sint Rafael, Kapucijnenvoer 35, Block D, Box 7001, Belgium; Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States; Department of Medicine III, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London W21 PG, United Kingdom; Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas at Houston Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, 12 Herman Pressler, United States; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States; Washington Hospital Center, Division of Cardiology, Washington, DC 20010, United States; ALSPAC Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom; Pediatric Epidemiology Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, Hills Road, United Kingdom; University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom; Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Molecular Genetics, Path West Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Clinical Trial Service Unit, Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, 2103 Cornell Road, United States; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21205, United States; Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, 33521, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Talamban, Cebu City 6000, Philippines; Department of Neurology and Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States; Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, 79095 Freiburg, Germany; Département de Génétique Médicale, Université de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Genetics, Glaxo Smith Kline, Philadelphia, PA 19101, United States; International Centre for Circulatory Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QJ, United Kingdom; Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; Medizinische Klinik II, Universität zu Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; Diabetes Unit, KEM Hospital and Research Centre, Pune-411011, Maharashtra, Rasta Peth, India; Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Unit, University Hospital, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden; Lund University, Malmö 20502, Sweden; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00251 Helsinki, Finland; FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland, Biomedicum, 00251 Helsinki, P.O. Box 104, Finland; William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Merck Research Laboratory, Rahway, NJ 07065, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, United States; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Labs, Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, United Kingdom; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Cardiovascular Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States; National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States; Leibniz-Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research, Department of Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Westfalian Wilhelms University Muenster, Department of Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Biostatical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA 98124, United States; Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development, Seattle, WA 98108, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Department of Cardiology, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, Estonia; Tallinn University of Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, 19086 Tallinn, Ehitajate tee 5, Estonia; Centre of Cardiology, North Estonia Medical Centre, 13419 Tallinn, Sütiste tee 19, Estonia; Department of Non-communicable disease Epidemiology, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London, London WC1E 7HT, Keppel Street, United Kingdom; South Asia Network for Chronic Disease, Public Health Foundation of India, C-1/52, SDA, New Delhi 100016, India; Department of Emergency and Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41685 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; Tuscany Regional Health Agency, 50129 Florence, Italy; Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica; University of Ibadan, 200284 Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Genomic Medicine, Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Research Center, Suita, 565-8565, Japan; Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, 565-0871, Japan; Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicine, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan; Lifestyle-related Disease Prevention Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan; Department of Statistics, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Vicuña Mackena 4860, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany; Klinikum Grosshadern, 81377 Munich, Germany; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, United Kingdom; Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States; Medical Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, 5 Cambridge Center, United States; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and its Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, 73 Mount Wayte Ave, United States; Department of Neurology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118, United States; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 90220 Oulu, Aapistie 1, Finland; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX37 BN, United Kingdom; Lapland Central Hospital, Department of Physiatrics, 96101 Rovaniemi, Box 8041, Finland; Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands; Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States; Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy; Unita Operativa Semplice Cardiologia, Divisione di Medicina, Presidio Ospedaliero Santa Barbara, 09016 Iglesias, Italy; Computational Medicine Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland; NMR Metabonomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, Clinical Research Center, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science, School of Science and Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), Centre for Life Sciences (Ce LS), Singapore 117456, Singapore; Department of Internal Medicine B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany; U557 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1125 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 93017 Bobigny, Université Paris 13, France; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, United States; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London W68RF, United Kingdom; University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology, and Nephrology, Medical University of Silesia, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland; Public Health Sciences section, Division of Community Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, United Kingdom; School of Science and Engineering, University of Ballarat, 3353 Ballarat, Australia; Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Department of Medicine III, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; University Hospital Münster, Internal Medicine D, 48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Andrija Stampar School of Public Health, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Astra Zeneca R and D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Samuel Lunenfeld Institute for Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; London School of Hygieneand Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 168751, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore; Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom; BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, 126 University Place, United Kingdom; Epidemiology Public Health, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands; Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, 900 Commonwealth Avenue East, United States; Geriatric Rehabilitation Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), 50100 Florence, Italy; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Diabetes Prevention Unit, 00271 Helsinki, Finland; Hjelt Institute, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland; Red RECAVA Grupo RD06/0014/0015, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; U872 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Institute of Physiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany; Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Human Genetics Center, Houston, TX 77030, 1200 Hermann Pressler, United States; Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Department of Mathematics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, 90014 University of Oulu, BOX 5000, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 University of Oulu, BOX 5000, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, 90101 Oulu, Box 310, Finland; MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Centre of Medical Systems Biology (CMSB 1-2), NGI Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Germany
