Anne E. Justice, Thomas W. Winkler, Mary F. Feitosa, Misa Graff, Virginia A. Fisher, Kristin Young, Llilda Barata, Xuan Deng, Jacek Czajkowski, David Hadley, Julius S. Ngwa, Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia, Audrey Y. Chu, Nancy L. Heard-Costa, Elise Lim, Jeremiah Perez, John D. Eicher, Zolta'n Kutalik, Luting Xue, Anubha Mahajan, Frida Renström, Joseph Wu, Qibin Qi, Shafqat Ahmad, Tamuno Alfred, Najaf Amin, Lawrence F. Bielak, Amelie Bonnefond, Jennifer Bragg, Gemma Cadby, Martina Chittani, Scott Coggeshall, Tanguy Corre, Nese Direk, Joel Eriksson, Krista Fischer, Mathias Gorski, Marie Neergaard Harder, Momoko Horikoshi, Tao Huang, Jennifer E. Huffman, Anne U. Jackson, Johanne Marie Justesen, Stavroula Kanoni, Leena Kinnunen, Marcus E. Kleber, Pirjo Komulainen, Meena Kumari, Unhee Lim, Jian'an Luan, Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen, Massimo Mangino, Ani Manichaikul, Jonathan Marten, Rita P.S. Middelberg, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Pau Navarro, Louis Pe'russe, Natalia Pervjakova, Cinzia Sarti, Albert Vernon Smith, Jennifer A. Smith, Alena Stanča'kova, Rona J. Strawbridge, Heather M. Stringham, Yun Ju Sung, Toshiko Tanaka, Alexander Teumer, Stella Trompet, Sander W. Van Der Laan, Peter J. Van Der Most, Jana V. Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Sailaja L. Vedantam, Niek Verweij, Jacqueline M. Vink, Veronique Vitart, Ying Wu, Loic Yengo, Weihua Zhang, Jing Hua Zhao, Martina E. Zimmermann, Niha Zubair, Gonçalo R. Abecasis, Linda S. Adair, Saima Afaq, Uzma Afzal, Stephan J.L. Bakker, Traci M. Bartz, John Beilby, Richard N. Bergman, Sven Bergmann, Reiner Biffar, John Blangero, Eric Boerwinkle, Lori L. Bonnycastle, Erwin Bottinger, Daniele Braga, Brendan M. Buckley, Steve Buyske, Harry Campbell, John C. Chambers, Francis S. Collins, Joanne E. Curran, Gert J. De Borst, Anton J.M. De Craen, Eco J.C. De Geus, George Dedoussis, Graciela E. Delgado, Hester M. Den Ruijter, Gudny Eiriksdottir, Anna L. Eriksson, Toñu Esko, Jessica D. Faul, Ian Ford, Terrence Forrester, Karl Gertow, Bruna Gigante, Nicola Glorioso, Jian Gong, Harald Grallert, Tanja B. Grammer, Niels Grarup, Saskia Haitjema, Göran Hallmans, Anders Hamsten, Torben Hansen, Tamara B. Harris, Catharina A. Hartman, Maija Hassinen, Nicholas D. Hastie, Andrew C. Heath, Dena Hernandez, Lucia Hindorff, Lynne J. Hocking, Mette Hollensted, Oddgeir L. Holmen, Georg Homuth, Jouke Jan Hottenga, Jie Huang, Joseph Hung, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Erik Ingelsson, Alan L. James, John-Olov Jansson, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin, Min A. Jhun, Marit E. Jorgensen, Markus Juonala, Mika Kähönen, Magnus Karlsson, Heikki A. Koistinen, Ivana Kolcic, Genovefa Kolovou, Charles Kooperberg, Bernhard K. Krämer, Johanna Kuusisto, Kirsti Kvaloy, Timo A. Lakka, Claudia Langenberg, Lenore J. Launer, Karin Leander, Nanette R. Lee, Lars Lind, Cecilia M. Lindgren, Allan Linneberg, Stephane Lobbens, Marie Loh, Mattias Lorentzon, Robert Luben, Gitta Lubke, Anja Ludolph-Donislawski, Sara Lupoli, Pamela A.F. Madden, Reija Männikkö, Pedro Marques-Vidal, Nicholas G. Martin, Colin A. McKenzie, Barbara McKnight, Dan Mellström, Cristina Menni, Grant W. Montgomery, A.W. Musk, Narisu Narisu, Matthias Nauck, Ilja M. Nolte, Albertine J. Oldehinkel, Matthias Olden, Ken K. Ong, Sandosh Padmanabhan, Patricia A. Peyser, Charlotta Pisinger, David J. Porteous, Olli T. Raitakari, Tuomo Rankinen, D.C. Rao, Laura J. Rasmussen-Torvik, Rajesh Rawal, Treva Rice, Paul M. Ridker, Lynda M. Rose, Stephanie A. Bien, Igor Rudan, Serena Sanna, Mark A. Sarzynski, Naveed Sattar, Kai Savonen, David Schlessinger, Salome Scholtens, Claudia Schurmann, Robert A. Scott, Bengt Sennblad, Marten A. Siemelink, Günther Silbernagel, P. Eline Slagboom, Harold Snieder, Jan A. Staessen, David J. Stott, Morris A. Swertz, Amy J. Swift, Kent D. Taylor, Bamidele O. Tayo, Barbara Thorand, Dorothee Thuillier, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Andre G. Uitterlinden, Liesbeth Vandenput, Marie-Claude Vohl, Henry Völzke, Judith M. Vonk, Ge'rard Waeber, Melanie Waldenberger, R.G.J. Westendorp, Sarah Wild, Gonneke Willemsen, Bruce H.R. Wolffenbuttel, Andrew Wong, Alan F. Wright, Wei Zhao, M. Carola Zillikens, Damiano Baldassarre, Beverley Balkau, Stefania Bandinelli, Carsten A. Böger, Dorret I. Boomsma, Claude Bouchard, Marcel Bruinenberg, Daniel I. Chasman, Yii-Der Ida Chen, Peter S. Chines, Richard S. Cooper, Francesco Cucca, Daniele Cusi, Ulf De Faire, Luigi Ferrucci, Paul W. Franks, Philippe Froguel, Penny Gordon-Larsen, Hans-Jörgen Grabe, Vilmundur Gudnason, Christopher A. Haiman, Caroline Hayward, Kristian Hveem, Andrew D. Johnson, J. Wouter Jukema, Sharon L.R. Kardia, Mika Kivimaki, Jaspal S. Kooner, Diana Kuh, Markku Laakso, Terho Lehtimäki, Loic Le Marchand, Winfried März, Mark I. McCarthy, Andres Metspalu, Andrew P. Morris, Claes Ohlsson, Lyle J. Palmer, Gerard Pasterkamp, Oluf Pedersen, Annette Peters, Ulrike Peters, Ozren Polasek, Bruce M. Psaty, Lu Qi, Rainer Rauramaa, Blair H. Smith, Thorkild I.A. Sorensen, Konstantin Strauch, Henning Tiemeier, Elena Tremoli, Pim Van Der Harst, Henrik Vestergaard, Peter Vollenweider, Nicholas J. Wareham, David R. Weir, John B. Whitfield, James F. Wilson, Jessica Tyrrell, Timothy M. Frayling, Inês Barroso, Michael Boehnke, Panagiotis Deloukas, Caroline S. Fox, Joel N. Hirschhorn, David J. Hunter, Tim D. Spector, David P. Strachan, Cornelia M. Van Duijn, Iris M. Heid, Karen L. Mohlke, Jonathan Marchini, Ruth J.F. Loos, Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen, Ching-Ti Liu, Ingrid B. Borecki, Kari E. North, L. Adrienne Cupples
Few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) account for environmental exposures, like smoking, potentially impacting the overall trait variance when investigating the genetic contribution to obesity-related traits. Here, we use GWAS data from 51,080 current smokers and 190,178 nonsmokers (87% European descent) to identify loci influencing BMI and central adiposity, measured as waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio both adjusted for BMI. We identify 23 novel genetic loci, and 9 loci with convincing evidence of gene-smoking interaction (GxSMK) on obesity-related traits. We show consistent direction of effect for all identified loci and significance for 18 novel and for 5 interaction loci in an independent study sample. These loci highlight novel biological functions, including response to oxidative stress, addictive behaviour, and regulatory functions emphasizing the importance of accounting for environment in genetic analyses. Our results suggest that tobacco smoking may alter the genetic susceptibility to overall adiposity and body fat distribution. © The Author(s) 2017.
Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, United States; Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany; Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63108, MO, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, 02118, MA, United States; Population Health Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, United Kingdom; TransMed Systems, Inc., Cupertino, 95014, CA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA, MD, United States; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark; NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, 01702, MA, United States; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, MA, United States; Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Instititute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; Department of Biobank Research, Umea University, Umea, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, United States; Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States; Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States; Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France; Internal Medicine - Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, United States; Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia; Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via A. Di Rudiní, 8, Milano, 20142, Italy; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Epidemiology Domain, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117549, Singapore; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health, National Institute for Health AndWelfare, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland; Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland; ISER, University of Essex, Colchester, CO43SQ, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, 96813, HI, United States; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33014, Finland; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Center for Public Health Genomics and Biostatistics Section, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22903, VA, United States; Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4029, Australia; Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany; Department of Medicine i, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, D-81377, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, G1V 0A6, QC, Canada; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec City, G1V 0A6, QC, Canada; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Department of Social and Health Care, City of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland; Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA, MO, United States; Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, 02115, MA, United States; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, 02142, MA, United States; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, United States; Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, United Kingdom; Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA, WA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, United States; Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98101, WA, United States; Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Nedlands, 6009, WA, Australia; PathWest Laboratory Medicine OfWA, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, 6009, WA, Australia; School of Pathology and Laboraty Medicine, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia; Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Clinic for Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Material Science, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States; Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, PO Box 20186, Houston, 77225, TX, United States; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, 08854, NJ, United States; Department of Statistics and Biostatistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, 08854, NJ, United States; Usher Institute for Population HealthSciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgical Specialties, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute Vrije Universiteit, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece; Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, JMAAW15, Jamaica; Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Nutritional Research, Umea University, Umea, Sweden; Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, United States; Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom; Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; St. Olav Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, 25 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, 6009, WA, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, 33521, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33014, Finland; Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305, CA, United States; Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 750 85, Sweden; Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, 6009, WA, Australia; Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom; Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, Oulu, FI-90220, 90029, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland; Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, 33521, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33014, Finland; Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland; Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia; Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece; Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Kuopio, 70210, Finland; HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, 7600, Norway; Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland; USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City, 6000, Philippines; Department of Anthropology, Sociology and History, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, 6000, Philippines; Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden; Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, United States; Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, D-81377, Germany; Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, 98109, WA, United States; Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4029, QLD, Australia; School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, 6009, WA, Australia; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Research Center for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland; Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, USA, LA, United States; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA, IL, United States; Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 09042, Italy; BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Leuven, Campus Sint Rafael, Kapucijnenvoer 35, Leuven, Belgium; RandD VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Brains Unlimited Building, Oxfordlaan 55, Maastricht, Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Center for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor/UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, 61053, IL, United States; Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait; Department of Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Danube-University Krems, Krems, 3500, Austria; Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Laval, QC, Canada; Department of Public Health and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark; 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Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock and Greifswald Site, Greifswald, Germany; Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, CA, United States; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands; Faculty of Med, National Heart and Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Science, Hammersmith Campus, Hammersmith Hospital, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Synlab Academy, Synlab Services GmbH, Mannheim, Germany; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GL, United Kingdom; 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MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands; Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, United Kingdom; European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Truro, TR1 3HD, United Kingdom; Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 289, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, United Kingdom; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 289, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, United Kingdom; Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, United States; Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, United Kingdom; Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, Netherlands; Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, Netherlands; Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, 10029, United States; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, United States; Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Centre of Research Segrate, Milano, Italy
