Anubha Mahajan, Cassandra N. Spracklen, Weihua Zhang, Maggie C. Y. Ng, Lauren E. Petty, Hidetoshi Kitajima, Grace Z. Yu, Sina Rüeger, Leo Speidel, Young Jin Kim, Momoko Horikoshi, Josep M. Mercader, Daniel Taliun, Sanghoon Moon, Soo-Heon Kwak, Neil R. Robertson, Nigel W. Rayner, Marie Loh, Bong-Jo Kim, Joshua Chiou, Irene Miguel-Escalada, Pietro della Briotta Parolo, Kuang Lin, Fiona Bragg, Michael H. Preuss, Fumihiko Takeuchi, Jana Nano, Xiuqing Guo, Amel Lamri, Masahiro Nakatochi, Robert A. Scott, Jung-Jin Lee, Alicia Huerta-Chagoya, Mariaelisa Graff, Jin-Fang Chai, Esteban J. Parra, Jie Yao, Lawrence F. Bielak, Yasuharu Tabara, Yang Hai, Valgerdur Steinthorsdottir, James P. Cook, Mart Kals, Niels Grarup, Ellen M. Schmidt, Ian Pan, Tamar Sofer, Matthias Wuttke, Chloe Sarnowski, Christian Gieger, Darryl Nousome, Stella Trompet, Jirong Long, Meng Sun, Lin Tong, Wei-Min Chen, Meraj Ahmad, Raymond Noordam, Victor J. Y. Lim, Claudia H. T. Tam, Yoonjung Yoonie Joo, Chien-Hsiun Chen, Laura M. Raffield, Cécile Lecoeur, Bram Peter Prins, Aude Nicolas, Lisa R. Yanek, Guanjie Chen, Richard A. Jensen, Salman Tajuddin, Edmond K. Kabagambe, Ping An, Anny H. Xiang, Hyeok Sun Choi, Brian E. Cade, Jingyi Tan, Jack Flanagan, Fernando Abaitua, Linda S. Adair, Adebowale Adeyemo, Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas, Masato Akiyama, Sonia S. Anand, Alain Bertoni, Zheng Bian, Jette Bork-Jensen, Ivan Brandslund, Jennifer A. Brody, Chad M. Brummett, Thomas A. Buchanan, Mickaël Canouil, Juliana C. N. Chan, Li-Ching Chang, Miao-Li Chee, Ji Chen, Shyh-Huei Chen, Yuan-Tsong Chen, Zhengming Chen, Lee-Ming Chuang, Mary Cushman, Swapan K. Das, H. Janaka de Silva, George Dedoussis, Latchezar Dimitrov, Ayo P. Doumatey, Shufa Du, Qing Duan, Kai-Uwe Eckardt, Leslie S. Emery, Daniel S. Evans, Michele K. Evans, Krista Fischer, James S. Floyd, Ian Ford, Myriam Fornage, Oscar H. Franco, Timothy M. Frayling, Barry I. Freedman, Christian Fuchsberger, Pauline Genter, Hertzel C. Gerstein, Vilmantas Giedraitis, Clicerio González-Villalpando, Maria Elena González-Villalpando, Mark O. Goodarzi, Penny Gordon-Larsen, David Gorkin, Myron Gross, Yu Guo, Sophie Hackinger, Sohee Han, Andrew T. Hattersley, Christian Herder, Annie-Green Howard, Willa Hsueh, Mengna Huang, Wei Huang, Yi-Jen Hung, Mi Yeong Hwang, Chii-Min Hwu, Sahoko Ichihara, Mohammad Arfan Ikram, Martin Ingelsson, Md Tariqul Islam, Masato Isono, Hye-Mi Jang, Farzana Jasmine, Guozhi Jiang, Jost B. Jonas, Marit E. Jørgensen, Torben Jørgensen, Yoichiro Kamatani, Fouad R. Kandeel, Anuradhani Kasturiratne, Tomohiro Katsuya, Varinderpal Kaur, Takahisa Kawaguchi, Jacob M. Keaton, Abel N. Kho, Chiea-Chuen Khor, Muhammad G. Kibriya, Duk-Hwan Kim, Katsuhiko Kohara, Jennifer Kriebel, Florian Kronenberg, Johanna Kuusisto, Kristi Läll, Leslie A. Lange, Myung-Shik Lee, Nanette R. Lee, Aaron Leong, Liming Li, Yun Li, Ruifang Li-Gao, Symen Ligthart, Cecilia M. Lindgren, Allan Linneberg, Ching-Ti Liu, Jianjun Liu, Adam E. Locke, Tin Louie, Jian’an Luan, Andrea O. Luk, Xi Luo, Jun Lv, Valeriya Lyssenko, Vasiliki Mamakou, K. Radha Mani, Thomas Meitinger, Andres Metspalu, Andrew D. Morris, Girish N. Nadkarni, Jerry L. Nadler, Michael A. Nalls, Uma Nayak, Suraj S. Nongmaithem, Ioanna Ntalla, Yukinori Okada, Lorena Orozco, Sanjay R. Patel, Mark A. Pereira, Annette Peters, Fraser J. Pirie, Bianca Porneala, Gauri Prasad, Sebastian Preissl, Laura J. Rasmussen-Torvik, Alexander P. Reiner, Michael Roden, Rebecca Rohde, Kathryn Roll, Charumathi Sabanayagam, Maike Sander, Kevin Sandow, Naveed Sattar, Sebastian Schönherr, Claudia Schurmann, Mohammad Shahriar, Jinxiu Shi, Dong Mun Shin, Daniel Shriner, Jennifer A. Smith, Wing Yee So, Alena Stančáková, Adrienne M. Stilp, Konstantin Strauch, Ken Suzuki, Atsushi Takahashi, Kent D. Taylor, Barbara Thorand, Gudmar Thorleifsson, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir, Brian Tomlinson, Jason M. Torres, Fuu-Jen Tsai, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Teresa Tusie-Luna, Miriam S. Udler, Adan Valladares-Salgado, Rob M. van Dam, Jan B. van Klinken, Rohit Varma, Marijana Vujkovic, Niels Wacher-Rodarte, Eleanor Wheeler, Eric A. Whitsel, Ananda R. Wickremasinghe, Ko Willems van Dijk, Daniel R. Witte, Chittaranjan S. Yajnik, Ken Yamamoto, Toshimasa Yamauchi, Loïc Yengo, Kyungheon Yoon, Canqing Yu, Jian-Min Yuan, Salim Yusuf, Liang Zhang, Wei Zheng, M. Geoffrey Hayes, Leslie J. Raffel, Michiya Igase, Eli Ipp, Susan Redline, Yoon Shin Cho, Lars Lind, Michael A. Province, Craig L. Hanis, Patricia A. Peyser, Erik Ingelsson, Alan B. Zonderman, Bruce M. Psaty, Ya-Xing Wang, Charles N. Rotimi, Diane M. Becker, Fumihiko Matsuda, Yongmei Liu, Eleftheria Zeggini, Mitsuhiro Yokota, Stephen S. Rich, Charles Kooperberg, James S. Pankow, James C. Engert, Yii-Der Ida Chen, Philippe Froguel, James G. Wilson, Wayne H. H. Sheu, Sharon L. R. Kardia, Jer-Yuarn Wu, M. Geoffrey Hayes, Ronald C. W. Ma, Tien-Yin Wong, Leif Groop, Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori, Giriraj R. Chandak, Francis S. Collins, Dwaipayan Bharadwaj, Guillaume Paré, Michèle M. Sale, Habibul Ahsan, Ayesha A. Motala, Xiao-Ou Shu, Kyong-Soo Park, J. Wouter Jukema, Miguel Cruz, Roberta McKean-Cowdin, Harald Grallert, Ching-Yu Cheng, Erwin P. Bottinger, Abbas Dehghan, E-Shyong Tai, Josée Dupuis, Norihiro Kato, Markku Laakso, Anna Köttgen, Woon-Puay Koh, Colin N. A. Palmer, Simin Liu, Goncalo Abecasis, Jaspal S. Kooner, Ruth J. F. Loos, Kari E. North, Christopher A. Haiman, Jose C. Florez, Danish Saleheen, Torben Hansen, Oluf Pedersen, Reedik Mägi, Claudia Langenberg, Nicholas J. Wareham, Shiro Maeda, Takashi Kadowaki, Juyoung Lee, Iona Y. Millwood, Robin G. Walters, Kari Stefansson, Simon R. Myers, Jorge Ferrer, Kyle J. Gaulton, James B. Meigs, Karen L. Mohlke, Anna L. Gloyn, Donald W. Bowden, Jennifer E. Below, John C. Chambers, Xueling Sim, Michael Boehnke, Jerome I. Rotter, Mark I. McCarthy, Andrew P. Morris
We assembled an ancestrally diverse collection of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in 180,834 affected individuals and 1,159,055 controls (48.9% non-European descent) through the Diabetes Meta-Analysis of Trans-Ethnic association studies (DIAMANTE) Consortium. Multi-ancestry GWAS meta-analysis identified 237 loci attaining stringent genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10−9), which were delineated to 338 distinct association signals. Fine-mapping of these signals was enhanced by the increased sample size and expanded population diversity of the multi-ancestry meta-analysis, which localized 54.4% of T2D associations to a single variant with >50% posterior probability. This improved fine-mapping enabled systematic assessment of candidate causal genes and molecular mechanisms through which T2D associations are mediated, laying the foundations for functional investigations. Multi-ancestry genetic risk scores enhanced transferability of T2D prediction across diverse populations. Our study provides a step toward more effective clinical translation of T2D GWAS to improve global health for all, irrespective of genetic background. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.
Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; The Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Cancer Center, Tohoku University Hospital, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, South Korea; Laboratory for Genomics of Diabetes and Metabolism, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States; Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Studies Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Regulatory Genomics and Diabetes, Centre for Genomic Regulation, the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation (formerly Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute) at Harbor–UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; deCODE Genetics, Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Data Driven Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Institute for Population and Precision Health, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR–Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad, India; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Research Centre in Diabetes Genomics and Precision Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Health and Biomedical Informatics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Inserm U1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France; University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States; Department of Research and Evaluation, Division of Biostatistics Research, Kaiser Permanente of Southern California, Pasadena, CA, United States; Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea; Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas and Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Ocular Pathology and Imaging Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT, United States; Section on Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States; Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lundquist Research Institute at Harbor–UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States; Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centro de Estudios en Diabetes, Unidad de Investigacion en Diabetes y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Centro de Investigacion en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States; Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai (CHGC) and Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies (SIBPT), Shanghai, China; Division of Endocrine and Metabolism, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; University of Chicago Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark; National Institute of Public Health, Southern Denmark University, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Clinical Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Center for Health Information Partnerships, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Regional Resource Management, Ehime University Faculty of Collaborative Regional Innovation, Ehime, Japan; Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; USC—Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Centre, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States; Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; The Usher Institute to the Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Digital Health Center, Digital Engineering Faculty of Hasso Plattner Institue and University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; The Division of Data Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States; Data Tecnica International LLC, Glen Echo, MD, United States; Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR—Human Resource Development Centre Campus, Ghaziabad, India; Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR—Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke–NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Genomic Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Reykjavik, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao; Department of Medical Genetics and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; National School of Public Health, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neuroscience and Preventive Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria; Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxiología, Ambiental Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico; Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Bioquimica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Disease, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Southern California Eye Institute, CHA Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiologia Clinica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark; Diabetology Research Centre, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, UCI Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Munich, Germany; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Systems Genomics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Duke–NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore; Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Brown University Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI, United States; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan; Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Advanced Genomic and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan; Division of Clinical Laboratory and Blood Transfusion, University of the Ryukyus Hospital, Okinawa, Japan; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Section of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States; Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Cambridge, MA, United States; Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicologí, a AmbientalInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Mexico; Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States; Institute of Data Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Division of Academics, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, LA, United States; Vertex Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom; Exeter Centre of Excellence in Diabetes (ExCEeD), Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Ibusuki Kozenkai Hospital, Ibusuki, Japan; Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, United States; Institute for Population and Precision Health (IPPH), Biological Sciences Division, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
