Roelof A. J. Smit, Kaitlin H. Wade, Qin Hui, Joshua D. Arias, Xianyong Yin, Malene R. Christiansen, Loic Yengo, Michael H. Preuss, Mariam Nakabuye, Ghislain Rocheleau, Sarah E. Graham, Victoria L. Buchanan, Geetha Chittoor, Marielisa Graff, Marta Guindo-Martínez, Yingchang Lu, Eirini Marouli, Saori Sakaue, Cassandra N. Spracklen, Sailaja Vedantam, Emma P. Wilson, Shyh-Huei Chen, Teresa Ferreira, Yingjie Ji, Tugce Karaderi, Kreete Lüll, Moara Machado, Deborah E. Malden, Carolina Medina-Gomez, Amy Moore, Sina Rüeger, Masato Akiyama, Matthew A. Allison, Marcus Alvarez, Mette K. Andersen, Vivek Appadurai, Liubov Arbeeva, Eric Bartell, Seema Bhaskar, Lawrence F. Bielak, Joshua C. Bis, Sailalitha Bollepalli, Jette Bork-Jensen, Jonathan P. Bradfield, Yuki Bradford, Caroline Brandl, Peter S. Braund, Jennifer A. Brody, Ulrich Broeckel, Kristoffer S. Burgdorf, Brian E. Cade, Qiuyin Cai, Silvia Camarda, Archie Campbell, Marisa Cañadas-Garre, Jin-Fang Chai, Alessandra Chesi, Seung Hoan Choi, Paraskevi Christofidou, Christian Couture, Gabriel Cuellar-Partida, Rebecca Danning, Frauke Degenhardt, Graciela E. Delgado, Alessandro Delitala, Ayşe Demirkan, Xuan Deng, Alexander Dietl, Maria Dimitriou, Latchezar Dimitrov, Rajkumar Dorajoo, Fabian Eichelmann, Anders U. Eliasen, Jorgen E. Engmann, Michael R. Erdos, Zammy Fairhurst-Hunter, Aliki-Eleni Farmaki, Jessica D. Faul, Juan-Carlos Fernandez-Lopez, Lukas Forer, Mirjam Frank, Sandra Freitag-Wolf, Lars G. Fritsche, Christian Fuchsberger, Tessel E. Galesloot, Yan Gao, Frank Geller, Olga Giannakopoulou, Franco Giulianini, Anette P. Gjesing, Anuj Goel, Scott D. Gordon, Mathias Gorski, Jakob Grove, Xiuqing Guo, Stefan Gustafsson, Jeffrey Haessler, Thomas F. Hansen, Aki S. Havulinna, Simon J. Haworth, Nancy Heard-Costa, Daiane Hemerich, Heather M. Highland, George Hindy, Yuk-Lam Ho, Edith Hofer, Elizabeth Holliday, Katrin Horn, Whitney E. Hornsby, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Hongyan Huang, Jie Huang, Alicia Huerta-Chagoya, Shaofeng Huo, Mi Yeong Hwang, Chii-Min Hwu, Hiroyuki Iha, Daisuke D. Ikeda, Masato Isono, Anne U. Jackson, Iris E. Jansen, Yunxuan Jiang, Ingegerd Johansson, Anna Jonsson, Torben Jørgensen, Ioanna P. Kalafati, Masahiro Kanai, Stavroula Kanoni, Line L. Kårhus, Anuradhani Kasturiratne, Tomohiro Katsuya, Takahisa Kawaguchi, Rachel L. Kember, Katherine A. Kentistou, Daeeun Kim, Han-Na Kim, Young Jin Kim, Marcus E. Kleber, Maria J. Knol, Azra Kurbasic, Marie Lauzon, Phuong Le, Rodney Lea, Jong-Young Lee, Wen-Jane Lee, Hampton L. Leonard, Hengtong Li, Shengchao A. Li, Xiaohui Li, Xiaoyin Li, Jingjing Liang, Honghuang Lin, Kuang Lin, Jun Liu, Xueping Liu, Ken Sin Lo, Jirong Long, Laura Lores-Motta, Jian’an Luan, Valeriya Lyssenko, Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen, Anubha Mahajan, Md Zubbair Malik, Vasiliki Mamakou, Massimo Mangino, Ani Manichaikul, Jonathan Marten, Manuel Mattheisen, Aaron F. McDaid, Quanshun Mei, Heike Meiselbach, Tori L. Melendez, Yuri Milaneschi, Jason E. Miller, Iona Y. Millwood, Pashupati P. Mishra, Ruth E. Mitchell, Line T. Møllehave, Nina Mononen, Sören Mucha, Matthias Munz, Juha Mykkänen, Masahiro Nakatochi, Giuseppe Giovanni Nardone, Christopher P. Nelson, Maria Nethander, Chu Won Nho, Aneta A. Nielsen, Ilja M. Nolte, Suraj S. Nongmaithem, Raymond Noordam, Ioanna Ntalla, Teresa Nutile, Anita Pandit, Marc Pauper, Eva R. B. Petersen, Liselotte V. Petersen, Francesco Piluso, Ozren Polašek, Alaitz Poveda, Saiju Pyarajan, Laura M. Raffield, Hiromi Rakugi, Julia Ramirez, Asif Rasheed, Dennis Raven, Nigel W. Rayner, Carlos Riveros, Rebecca Rohde, Daniela Ruggiero, Sanni E. Ruotsalainen, Kathleen A. Ryan, Maria Sabater-Lleal, Aurora Santin, Richa Saxena, Markus Scholz, Botong Shen, Jingchunzi Shi, Jae Hun Shin, Carlo Sidore, Julia Sidorenko, Xueling Sim, Roderick C. Slieker, Albert V. Smith, Jennifer A. Smith, Laura J. Smyth, Lorraine Southam, Valgerdur Steinthorsdottir, Liang Sun, Fumihiko Takeuchi, Kent D. Taylor, Bamidele O. Tayo, Catherine Tcheandjieu, Natalie Terzikhan, Paola Tesolin, Alexander Teumer, Elizabeth Theusch, Deborah J. Thompson, Gudmar Thorleifsson, Paul R. H. J. Timmers, Stella Trompet, Constance Turman, Simona Vaccargiu, Sander W. van der Laan, Peter J. van der Most, Jan B. van Klinken, Jessica van Setten, Shefali S. Verma, Niek Verweij, Yogasudha Veturi, Carol A. Wang, Chaolong Wang, Jun-Sing Wang, Lihua Wang, Ya Xing Wang, Zhe Wang, Helen R. Warren, Wen Bin Wei, Wanqing Wen, William A. Wheeler, Ananda R. Wickremasinghe, Matthias Wielscher, Bendik S. Winsvold, Andrew Wong, Matthias Wuttke, Rui Xia, Ken Yamamoto, Jingyun Yang, Jie Yao, Hannah Young, Noha A. Yousri, Lei Yu, Lingyao Zeng, Weihua Zhang, Xinyuan Zhang, Jing-Hua Zhao, Wei Zhao, Wei Zhou, Martina E. Zimmermann, Magdalena Zoledziewska, Leen M. ‘t Hart, Linda S. Adair, Hieab H. H. Adams, Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas, Fahd Al-Mulla, Donna K. Arnett, Folkert W. Asselbergs, Bjørn Olav Åsvold, John Attia, Bernhard Banas, Stefania Bandinelli, Lawrence J. Beilin, David A. Bennett, Tobias Bergler, Dwaipayan Bharadwaj, Ginevra Biino, Eric Boerwinkle, Carsten A. Böger, Judith B. Borja, Claude Bouchard, Donald W. Bowden, Ivan Brandslund, Ben Brumpton, Julie E. Buring, Mark J. Caulfield, John C. Chambers, Giriraj R. Chandak, Stephen J. Chanock, Nish Chaturvedi, Yii-Der Ida Chen, Zhengming Chen, Ching-Yu Cheng, Yoon Shin Cho, Kaare Christensen, Ingrid E. Christophersen, Marina Ciullo, John W. Cole, Francis S. Collins, Maria Pina Concas, Richard S. Cooper, Miguel Cruz, Francesco Cucca, Michael J. Cutler, Scott M. Damrauer, Thomas M. Dantoft, Gert J. de Borst, Eco J. C. de Geus, Lisette C. P. G. M. de Groot, Philip L. De Jager, Dominique P. V. de Kleijn, H. Janaka de Silva, George V. Dedoussis, Anneke I. den Hollander, Shufa Du, Douglas F. Easton, Kai-Uwe Eckardt, Petra J. M. Elders, A. Heather Eliassen, Patrick T. Ellinor, Sölve Elmståhl, Jeanette Erdmann, Michele K. Evans, Diane Fatkin, Bjarke Feenstra, Mary F. Feitosa, Luigi Ferrucci, Jose C. Florez, Ian Ford, Myriam Fornage, Andre Franke, Paul W. Franks, Barry I. Freedman, Christian Gieger, Giorgia Girotto, Yvonne M. Golightly, Clicerio Gonzalez-Villalpando, Penny Gordon-Larsen, Harald Grallert, Struan F. A. Grant, Niels Grarup, Lyn Griffiths, Vilmundur Gudnason, Christopher Haiman, Hakon Hakonarson, Torben Hansen, Catharina A. Hartman, Andrew T. Hattersley, Caroline Hayward, Iris M. Heid, Chew-Kiat Heng, Christian Hengstenberg, Karl-Heinz Herzig, Alex W. Hewitt, Haretsugu Hishigaki, David M. Hougaard, Carel B. Hoyng, Paul L. Huang, Wei Huang, Wen-Yi Huang, Jennifer E. Huffman, Steven C. Hunt, Nina Hutri, Kristian Hveem, Elina Hyppönen, William G. Iacono, Sahoko Ichihara, M. Arfan Ikram, Carmen R. Isasi, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin, Zi-Bing Jin, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Jost B. Jonas, Peter K. Joshi, Pekka Jousilahti, J. Wouter Jukema, Mika Kähönen, Yoichiro Kamatani, Kui Dong Kang, Jaakko Kaprio, Sharon L. R. Kardia, Fredrik Karpe, Norihiro Kato, Maryam Kavousi, Frank Kee, Thorsten Kessler, Amit V. Khera, Chiea Chuen Khor, Lambertus A. L. M. Kiemeney, Bong-Jo Kim, Eung Kweon Kim, Hyung-Lae Kim, Paulus Kirchhof, Mika Kivimaki, Woon-Puay Koh, Heikki A. Koistinen, Alexander Kokkinos, Jaspal S. Kooner, Charles Kooperberg, Peter Kovacs, Adriaan Kraaijeveld, Peter Kraft, Ronald M. Krauss, Meena Kumari, Zoltan Kutalik, Markku Laakso, Leslie A. Lange, Claudia Langenberg, Lenore J. Launer, Hyejin Lee, Nanette R. Lee, Terho Lehtimäki, Rozenn N. Lemaitre, Huaixing Li, Liming Li, Wolfgang Lieb, Xu Lin, Lars Lind, Allan Linneberg, Ching-Ti Liu, Jianjun Liu, Markus Loeffler, Barry London, Fan Lu, Steven A. Lubitz, David A. Mackey, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, JoAnn E. Manson, Gregory M. Marcus, Pedro Marques Vidal, Nicholas G. Martin, Winfried März, Fumihiko Matsuda, Mark I. McCarthy, Robert W. McGarrah, Matt McGue, Amy Jayne McKnight, Sarah E. Medland, Dan Mellström, Andres Metspalu, Braxton D. Mitchell, Paul Mitchell, Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori, Trevor A. Mori, Andrew D. Morris, Lorelei A. Mucci, Patricia B. Munroe, Mike A. Nalls, Saman Nazarian, Amanda E. Nelson, Matt J. Neville, Christopher Newton-Cheh, Christopher S. Nielsen, Harri Niinikoski, Kjell Nikus, Markus M. Nöthen, Adesola Ogunniyi, Claes Ohlsson, Albertine J. Oldehinkel, Lorena Orozco, Katja Pahkala, Päivi Pajukanta, Colin N. A. Palmer, Esteban J. Parra, Cristian Pattaro, Oluf Pedersen, Craig E. Pennell, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx, Louis Perusse, Annette Peters, Patricia A. Peyser, David J. Porteous, Danielle Posthuma, Chris Power, Peter P. Pramstaller, Michael A. Province, Bruce M. Psaty, Qibin Qi, Jia Qu, Daniel J. Rader, Olli T. Raitakari, Loukianos S. Rallidis, Dabeeru C. Rao, Susan Redline, Dermot F. Reilly, Alexander P. Reiner, Sang Youl Rhee, Paul M. Ridker, Michiel Rienstra, Samuli Ripatti, Marylyn D. Ritchie, Fernando Rivadeneira, Dan M. Roden, Frits R. Rosendaal, Jerome I. Rotter, Igor Rudan, Femke Rutters, Seungho Ryu, Charumathi Sabanayagam, Babatunde Salako, Danish Saleheen, Veikko Salomaa, Nilesh J. Samani, Dharambir K. Sanghera, Naveed Sattar, Börge Schmidt, Helena Schmidt, Reinhold Schmidt, Matthias B. Schulze, Heribert Schunkert, Laura J. Scott, Rodney J. Scott, Peter Sever, Wayne H. H. Sheu, M. Benjamin Shoemaker, Xiao-Ou Shu, Eleanor M. Simonsick, Mario Sims, Andrew B. Singleton, Moritz F. Sinner, J. Gustav Smith, Harold Snieder, Tim D. Spector, Beatrice Spedicati, Meir J. Stampfer, Klaus J. Stark, David P. Strachan, Yasuharu Tabara, E. Shyong Tai, Hua Tang, Jean-Claude Tardif, Thangavel A. Thanaraj, Anke Tönjes, Tiinamaija Tuomi, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Maria-Teresa Tusié-Luna, Rob M. van Dam, Pim van der Harst, Nathalie Van der Velde, Cornelia M. van Duijn, Natasja M. van Schoor, Veronique Vitart, Marie-Claude Vohl, Uwe Völker, Peter Vollenweider, Henry Völzke, Scott Vrieze, Niels H. Wacher-Rodarte, Mark Walker, Gurpreet S. Wander, Nicholas J. Wareham, Richard M. Watanabe, Hugh Watkins, David R. Weir, Thomas M. Werge, Elisabeth Widen, Gonneke Willemsen, Walter C. Willett, James F. Wilson, Peter W. F. Wilson, Tien Y. Wong, Jeong-Taek Woo, Alan F. Wright, Huichun Xu, Chittaranjan S. Yajnik, Jian Yang, Mitsuhiro Yokota, Jian-Min Yuan, Eleftheria Zeggini, Babette S. Zemel, Wei Zheng, Xiaofeng Zhu, M. Carola Zillikens, Alan B. Zonderman, John-Anker Zwart, Goncalo R. Abecasis, Themistocles L. Assimes, Adam Auton, Michael Boehnke, Daniel I. Chasman, Tõnu Esko, Kari Stefansson, Guillaume Lettre, Cecilia M. Lindgren, Maggie C. Y. Ng, Christopher J. O’Donnell, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir, Peter M. Visscher, Robin G. Walters, Thomas W. Winkler, Andrew R. Wood, Panos Deloukas, Timothy M. Frayling, Anne E. Justice, Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen, Adam E. Locke, Karen L. Mohlke, Kari E. North, Yukinori Okada, Cristen J. Willer, Kristin L. Young, Segun Fatumo, Jeanne M. McCaffery, Nicholas J. Timpson, Joel N. Hirschhorn, Yan V. Sun, Sonja I. Berndt, Ruth J. F. Loos
Polygenic scores (PGSs) for body mass index (BMI) may guide early prevention and targeted treatment of obesity. Using genetic data from up to 5.1 million people (4.6% African ancestry, 14.4% American ancestry, 8.4% East Asian ancestry, 71.1% European ancestry and 1.5% South Asian ancestry) from the GIANT consortium and 23andMe, Inc., we developed ancestry-specific and multi-ancestry PGSs. The multi-ancestry score explained 17.6% of BMI variation among UK Biobank participants of European ancestry. For other populations, this ranged from 16% in East Asian-Americans to 2.2% in rural Ugandans. In the ALSPAC study, children with higher PGSs showed accelerated BMI gain from age 2.5 years to adolescence, with earlier adiposity rebound. Adding the PGS to predictors available at birth nearly doubled explained variance for BMI from age 5 onward (for example, from 11% to 21% at age 8). Up to age 5, adding the PGS to early-life BMI improved prediction of BMI at age 18 (for example, from 22% to 35% at age 5). Higher PGSs were associated with greater adult weight gain. In intensive lifestyle intervention trials, individuals with higher PGSs lost modestly more weight in the first year (0.55 kg per s.d.) but were more likely to regain it. Overall, these data show that PGSs have the potential to improve obesity prediction, particularly when implemented early in life. © The Author(s) 2025.
The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Environmental Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Algorithmic Fairness Research Group, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Center for Genomic Data Analytics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Digital Environment Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Genetics of Complex Traits, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Center for Health Data Science, Section for Health Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, RTI International, Durham, NC, United States; Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Family Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Quantinuum Research, LLC, Wayne, PA, United States; Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Congenital Disorders and Danish National Biobank, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; 23andMe, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, United States; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Section of Statistical Multi-omics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Department of Nutrition Science and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, University of the Peloponnese, Kalamata, Greece; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Molecular Genetics Section, Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Computational Genomics, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico; Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Eurac Research Institute for Biomedicine, Bolzano, Italy; Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Jackson Heart Study, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, United States; Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Medicine/Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Biomedicine (Human Genetics) and iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; BiRC - Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Translational Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States; Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States; Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Leipzig University, Medical Faculty, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig University, Medical Faculty, LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biological Psychology, Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China; Program in Metabolism and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongwon-gun, South Korea; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Biomedical Technology Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan; Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychology, Section Complex Trait Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece; Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea; Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; SYNLAB MVZ Humangenetik Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada; Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Qld University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia; Oneomics, Soonchunhyang Mirai Medical Center, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea; Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, United States; Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Science, Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Genetics & Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital, Athens, Greece; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Community Health & Epidemiology and Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience Amsterdam UMC/Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Biomedical and Translational Informatics Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States; Department of Genetics, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere, Finland; Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel and University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology and Biobank PopGen, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel and Kiel University, Kiel, Germany; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung, South Korea; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Kolding, Denmark; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Health Campus The Hague/Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark; The National Centre for Register-based Research, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark; Medical School, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, Split, Croatia; Algebra University College, Zagreb, Croatia; Center for Data and Computational Sciences, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Unit of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea; Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy; Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland; deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Cardiology Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Information Management Services, Inc., Calverton, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Medicine IV – Nephrology and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Doha, Qatar; Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Cardiology, German Heart Centre Munich, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Molecular Epidemiology Section, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico; Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; The National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom; HUNT Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway; HUNT Research Center, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway; Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Geriatric Unit, Azienda Toscana Centro, Florence, Italy; Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Systems Genomics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, India; Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia, Italy; Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Kliniken Südostbayern, Regensburg, Germany; KfH Kidney Center Traunstein, Traunstein, Germany; USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines; Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States; Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Lightening Lives, Hyderabad, India; Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore; Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Research, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Gjettum, Norway; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Neurology, Division of Vascular Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Neurology, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, United States; Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC/Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands; Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of General Practice, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Molecular Cardiology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia; Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Helsingborg, Sweden; Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States; Section on Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraksa Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Centro de Investigacion en Salud Poblacional Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica and Centro de Estudios en Diabetes, Cuernavaca Morelos, Mexico; Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Biocenter of Oulu, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Genetics, Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Heath and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center and Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai, China; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Australian Centre for Precision Health, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulun, Finland; Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, OYS, Oulu, Finland; Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Institut Français de Myopie, Hôpital Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore; Privatpraxis Prof. Jonas und Dr. Panda-Jonas, Heidelberg, Germany; L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands; Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, The Catholic University of Korea Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon, South Korea; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Verve Therapeutics, Boston, MA, United States; Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Saevit Eye Hospital, Goyang-si, South Korea; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center UKE Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site, Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Atrial Fibrillation NETwork, Münster, Germany; UCL Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Beijing, China; Institute of Epidemiology and Biobank Popgen, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany; Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; SYNLAB Academy, SYNLAB Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, Germany; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology, Westmead Millennium Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Data Tecnica, Washington, DC, United States; Electrophysiology Section, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Chronic Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pain Management and Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cardiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Laboratorio de Inmunogenómica y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico; Paavo Nurmi Centre and Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Institute for Precision Health, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Pat MacPherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom; Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany; Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; InFLAMES Research Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Second Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital Attikon, Athens, Greece; Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Genetics, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Kenilworth, NJ, United States; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Cardiology and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Columbia, NY, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Gottfried Schatz Research Center (for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany; Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Cardiology, Deutsches Zentrum für Herz- und Kreislaufforschung (DZHK) – Munich Heart Alliance and Technische Universität München, München, Germany; School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Social Medicine, Population and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States; Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Wallenberg Laboratory/Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg University and the Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine and Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Population Health Research Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Central Hospital, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico; Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands; School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Hero DMC Heart Institute, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, India; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Physiology & Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States; USC Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Diabetes Unit, KEM Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India; School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Technical University of Munich and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Munich, Germany; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States; Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Centre Medical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; McDonnell Genome Institute and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka, Japan; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States; Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN, United States; The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
