Bryan E. Escoto, Michael Lochinvar Sim Abundo
This study presents a three-phase framework to assess the feasibility and sustainability of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) for charging electric vessels. Initially, geospatial analysis identified optimal locations for solar PV and wind turbines. The results can be utilized for broader strategic plans, ensuring RE technology is installed at suitable sites to maximize energy generation. The second phase assessed the technical performance, economic viability, and environmental impact of various energy configurations. The evaluation identified the PV-grid system as the most cost-effective, with a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of $0.14 per kWh and a net present cost (NPC) of $8847.29. Due to intermittency, increasing the size of renewable energy technology will not necessarily lower the cost of electricity, which is valid for solar PV and wind energy systems. During periods of low or unavailability of renewable sources, charging will have to rely heavily on the grid to meet energy demands, which may offset the environmental benefits of using renewable sources. Potential solutions include integrating energy storage systems and proper load scheduling to mitigate these challenges. The final phase assesses the impact on sustainable development goals (SDGs), identifying six potential trade-offs that could affect achieving relevant SDG targets. Addressing these trade-offs is crucial for the project's effectiveness and long-term sustainability. Collaboration among governments and stakeholders is essential for ensuring project sustainability and community acceptance. © 2025 The Author(s)
Sorsogon State University, Sorsogon City, Philippines; University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines; College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
