Ji Chen, Cassandra N. Spracklen, Gaëlle Marenne, Arushi Varshney, Laura J. Corbin, Jian’an Luan, Sara M. Willems, Ying Wu, Xiaoshuai Zhang, Momoko Horikoshi, Thibaud S. Boutin, Reedik Mägi, Johannes Waage, Ruifang Li-Gao, Kei Hang Katie Chan, Jie Yao, Mila D. Anasanti, Audrey Y. Chu, Annique Claringbould, Jani Heikkinen, Jaeyoung Hong, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Shaofeng Huo, Marika A. Kaakinen, Tin Louie, Winfried März, Hortensia Moreno-Macias, Anne Ndungu, Sarah C. Nelson, Ilja M. Nolte, Kari E. North, Chelsea K. Raulerson, Debashree Ray, Rebecca Rohde, Denis Rybin, Claudia Schurmann, Xueling Sim, Lorraine Southam, Isobel D. Stewart, Carol A. Wang, Yujie Wang, Peitao Wu, Weihua Zhang, Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia, Emil V. R. Appel, Lawrence F. Bielak, Jennifer A. Brody, Noël P. Burtt, Claudia P. Cabrera, Brian E. Cade, Jin Fang Chai, Xiaoran Chai, Li-Ching Chang, Chien-Hsiun Chen, Brian H. Chen, Kumaraswamy Naidu Chitrala, Yen-Feng Chiu, Hugoline G. de Haan, Graciela E. Delgado, Ayse Demirkan, Qing Duan, Jorgen Engmann, Segun A. Fatumo, Javier Gayán, Franco Giulianini, Jung Ho Gong, Stefan Gustafsson, Yang Hai, Fernando P. Hartwig, Jing He, Yoriko Heianza, Tao Huang, Alicia Huerta-Chagoya, Mi Yeong Hwang, Richard A. Jensen, Takahisa Kawaguchi, Katherine A. Kentistou, Young Jin Kim, Marcus E. Kleber, Ishminder K. Kooner, Shuiqing Lai, Leslie A. Lange, Carl D. Langefeld, Marie Lauzon, Man Li, Symen Ligthart, Jun Liu, Marie Loh, Jirong Long, Valeriya Lyssenko, Massimo Mangino, Carola Marzi, May E. Montasser, Abhishek Nag, Masahiro Nakatochi, Damia Noce, Raymond Noordam, Giorgio Pistis, Michael Preuss, Laura Raffield, Laura J. Rasmussen-Torvik, Stephen S. Rich, Neil R. Robertson, Rico Rueedi, Kathleen Ryan, Serena Sanna, Richa Saxena, Katharina E. Schraut, Bengt Sennblad, Kazuya Setoh, Albert V. Smith, Thomas Sparsø, Rona J. 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Yanek, Loïc Yengo, Mitsuhiro Yokota, Eleftheria Zeggini, Wei Zheng, Alan B. Zonderman, Jerome I. Rotter, Anna L. Gloyn, Mark I. McCarthy, Josée Dupuis, James B. Meigs, Robert A. Scott, Inga Prokopenko, Aaron Leong, Ching-Ti Liu, Stephen C. J. Parker, Karen L. Mohlke, Claudia Langenberg, Eleanor Wheeler, Andrew P. Morris, Inês Barroso, Rob M. van Dam
Glycemic traits are used to diagnose and monitor type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic health. To date, most genetic studies of glycemic traits have focused on individuals of European ancestry. Here we aggregated genome-wide association studies comprising up to 281,416 individuals without diabetes (30% non-European ancestry) for whom fasting glucose, 2-h glucose after an oral glucose challenge, glycated hemoglobin and fasting insulin data were available. Trans-ancestry and single-ancestry meta-analyses identified 242 loci (99 novel; P < 5 × 10−8), 80% of which had no significant evidence of between-ancestry heterogeneity. Analyses restricted to individuals of European ancestry with equivalent sample size would have led to 24 fewer new loci. Compared with single-ancestry analyses, equivalent-sized trans-ancestry fine-mapping reduced the number of estimated variants in 99% credible sets by a median of 37.5%. Genomic-feature, gene-expression and gene-set analyses revealed distinct biological signatures for each trait, highlighting different underlying biological pathways. Our results increase our understanding of diabetes pathophysiology by using trans-ancestry studies for improved power and resolution. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.
Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes Research (EXCEED), Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States; Inserm, Univ Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, France; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Laboratory for Genomics of Diabetes and Metabolism, RIKEN Centre for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States; Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Section of Statistical Multi-omics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; SYNLAB Academy, SYNLAB Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, Germany; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; Department of Economics, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; CVD Genetic Epidemiology Computational Laboratory, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; HPI Digital Health Center, Digital Health and Personalized Medicine, Hasso Plattner Institute, Potsdam, Germany; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National Univeristy of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark; The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Metabolism Program, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Epidemiology, The Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Statistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Uganda Medical Informatics Centre (UMIC), MRC/UVRI and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (Uganda Research Unit), Entebbe, Uganda; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; H3Africa Bioinformatics Network (H3ABioNet) Node, Centre for Genomics Research and Innovation, NABDA/FMST, Abuja, Nigeria; Bioinfosol, Sevilla, Spain; Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Statistics, The University of Auckland, Science Center, Auckland, New Zealand; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University Obesity Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine Unit, National Council for Science and Technology, Mexico City, Mexico; Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine Unit, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico; Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea; Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Divison of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Clinical Science, Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Epidemiology, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine Solna, Cardiovascular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Pattern Recognition and Bioinformatics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Genomics PLC, Oxford, United Kingdom; Center of Pediatric Research, University Children’s Hospital Leipzig, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; University of Southern California Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Medical Department III–Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institues of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department for Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathy and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Düsseldorf, Germany; Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolism, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; Department of Anti-aging Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan; National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Clinical Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States; Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia; Institute of Biomedicine, Bioinformatics Center, Univeristy of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines; Department of Anthropology, Sociology and History, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines; State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes and Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; National Defense Medical Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Diabetes, Diabetes, and Nutritional Sciences, James Black Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan; Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, New York Medical College School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY, United States; Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Gen-Info, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Kenilworth, NJ, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Centre for Global Health, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Genetics, Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai (CHGC) and Shanghai Academy of Science & Technology (SAST), Shanghai, China; Sarepta Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Bornholms Hospital, Rønne, Denmark; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Human Biology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia; Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion, Mexico City, Mexico; Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición and Tec Salud, Mexico City, Mexico; Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Tec Salud, Monterrey, Mexico; Department of Medical Genomics, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Government Center for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain; Institute for Environmental Medicine, Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States; Clinical and Health Services Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Medicine, General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Aberdeen Centre for Health Data Science, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Molecular Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore and Imperial College London, UK, Singapore, Singapore; Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Digital Health Center, Hasso Plattner Institut, University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; INSERM UMR 1283/CNRS UMR 8199, European Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Université de Lille, Lille, France; INSERM UMR 1283/CNRS UMR 8199, European Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Jackson Heart Study, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Kallithea, Greece; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy; Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States; Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu Univerisity Hospital, OYS, Oulu, Finland; Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel IOB, Basel, Switzerland; Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands; MRC/UVRI and LSHTM (Uganda Research Unit), Entebbe, Uganda; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom; University Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Swedish Twin Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Health Services, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Genetic and Genomic Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Havard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Tampere, Finnish Diabetes Association, Tampere, Finland; Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; South Karelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland; Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany; Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Ageing and Health, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Signature Research Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente of Southern California, Pasadena, CA, United States; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States
