Mariaelisa Graff, Robert A. Scott, Anne E. Justice, Kristin L. Young, Mary F. Feitosa, Llilda Barata, Thomas W. Winkler, Audrey Y. Chu, Anubha Mahajan, David Hadley, Luting Xue, Tsegaselassie Workalemahu, Nancy L. Heard-Costa, Marcel den Hoed, Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia, Qibin Qi, Julius S. Ngwa, Frida Renström, Lydia Quaye, John D. Eicher, James E. Hayes, Marilyn Cornelis, Zoltan Kutalik, Elise Lim, Jian’an Luan, Jennifer E. Huffman, Weihua Zhang, Wei Zhao, Paula J. Griffin, Toomas Haller, Shafqat Ahmad, Pedro M. Marques-Vidal, Stephanie Bien, Loic Yengo, Alexander Teumer, Albert Vernon Smith, Meena Kumari, Marie Neergaard Harder, Johanne Marie Justesen, Marcus E. Kleber, Mette Hollensted, Kurt Lohman, Natalia V. Rivera, John B. Whitfield, Jing Hua Zhao, Heather M. Stringham, Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen, Charlotte Huppertz, Gonneke Willemsen, Wouter J. Peyrot, Ying Wu, Kati Kristiansson, Ayse Demirkan, Myriam Fornage, Maija Hassinen, Lawrence F. Bielak, Gemma Cadby, Toshiko Tanaka, Reedik Mägi, Peter J. van der Most, Anne U. Jackson, Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham, Veronique Vitart, Jonathan Marten, Pau Navarro, Claire Bellis, Dorota Pasko, Åsa Johansson, Søren Snitker, Yu-Ching Cheng, Joel Eriksson, Unhee Lim, Mette Aadahl, Linda S. Adair, Najaf Amin, Beverley Balkau, Juha Auvinen, John Beilby, Richard N. Bergman, Sven Bergmann, Alain G. Bertoni, John Blangero, Amélie Bonnefond, Lori L. Bonnycastle, Judith B. Borja, Søren Brage, Fabio Busonero, Steve Buyske, Harry Campbell, Peter S. Chines, Francis S. Collins, Tanguy Corre, George Davey Smith, Graciela E. Delgado, Nicole Dueker, Marcus Dörr, Tapani Ebeling, Gudny Eiriksdottir, Tõnu Esko, Jessica D. Faul, Mao Fu, Kristine Færch, Christian Gieger, Sven Gläser, Jian Gong, Penny Gordon-Larsen, Harald Grallert, Tanja B. Grammer, Niels Grarup, Gerard van Grootheest, Kennet Harald, Nicholas D. Hastie, Aki S. Havulinna, Dena Hernandez, Lucia Hindorff, Lynne J. Hocking, Oddgeir L. Holmens, Christina Holzapfel, Jouke Jan Hottenga, Jie Huang, Tao Huang, Jennie Hui, Cornelia Huth, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Alan L. James, John-Olov Jansson, Min A. Jhun, Markus Juonala, Leena Kinnunen, Heikki A. Koistinen, Ivana Kolcic, Pirjo Komulainen, Johanna Kuusisto, Kirsti Kvaløy, Mika Kähönen, Timo A. Lakka, Lenore J. Launer, Benjamin Lehne, Cecilia M. Lindgren, Mattias Lorentzon, Robert Luben, Michel Marre, Yuri Milaneschi, Keri L. Monda, Grant W. Montgomery, Marleen H. M. De Moor, Antonella Mulas, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, A.W. Musk, Reija Männikkö, Satu Männistö, Narisu Narisu, Matthias Nauck, Jennifer A. Nettleton, Ilja M. Nolte, Albertine J. Oldehinkel, Matthias Olden, Ken K. Ong, Sandosh Padmanabhan, Lavinia Paternoster, Jeremiah Perez, Markus Perola, Annette Peters, Ulrike Peters, Patricia A. Peyser, Inga Prokopenko, Hannu Puolijoki, Olli T. Raitakari, Tuomo Rankinen, Laura J. Rasmussen-Torvik, Rajesh Rawal, Paul M. Ridker, Lynda M. Rose, Igor Rudan, Cinzia Sarti, Mark A. Sarzynski, Kai Savonen, William R. Scott, Serena Sanna, Alan R. Shuldiner, Steve Sidney, Günther Silbernagel, Blair H. Smith, Jennifer A. Smith, Harold Snieder, Alena Stančáková, Barbara Sternfeld, Amy J. Swift, Tuija Tammelin, Sian-Tsung Tan, Barbara Thorand, Dorothée Thuillier, Liesbeth Vandenput, Henrik Vestergaard, Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Marie-Claude Vohl, Uwe Völker, Gérard Waeber, Mark Walker, Sarah Wild, Andrew Wong, Alan F. Wright, M. Carola Zillikens, Niha Zubair, Christopher A. Haiman, Loic Lemarchand, Ulf Gyllensten, Claes Ohlsson, Albert Hofman, Fernando Rivadeneira, André G. Uitterlinden, Louis Pérusse, James F. Wilson, Caroline Hayward, Ozren Polasek, Francesco Cucca, Kristian Hveem, Catharina A. Hartman, Anke Tönjes, Stefania Bandinelli, Lyle J. Palmer, Sharon L. R. Kardia, Rainer Rauramaa, Thorkild I. A. Sørensen, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Veikko Salomaa, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx, Eco J. C. de Geus, Dorret I. Boomsma, Terho Lehtimäki, Massimo Mangino, Markku Laakso, Claude Bouchard, Nicholas G. Martin, Diana Kuh, Yongmei Liu, Allan Linneberg, Winfried März, Konstantin Strauch, Mika Kivimäki, Tamara B. Harris, Vilmundur Gudnason, Henry Völzke, Lu Qi, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, John C. Chambers, Jaspal S. Kooner, Philippe Froguel, Charles Kooperberg, Peter Vollenweider, Göran Hallmans, Torben Hansen, Oluf Pedersen, Andres Metspalu, Nicholas J. Wareham, Claudia Langenberg, David R. Weir, David J. Porteous, Eric Boerwinkle, Daniel I. Chasman, Gonçalo R. Abecasis, Inês Barroso, Mark I. McCarthy, Timothy M. Frayling, Jeffrey R. O’Connell, Cornelia M. van Duijn, Michael Boehnke, Iris M. Heid, Karen L. Mohlke, David P. Strachan, Caroline S. Fox, Ching-Ti Liu, Joel N. Hirschhorn, Robert J. Klein, Andrew D. Johnson, Ingrid B. Borecki, Paul W. Franks, Kari E. North, L. Adrienne Cupples, Ruth J. F. Loos, Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
Physical activity (PA) may modify the genetic effects that give rise to increased risk of obesity. To identify adiposity loci whose effects are modified by PA, we performed genome-wide interaction meta-analyses of BMI and BMI-adjusted waist circumference and waist-hip ratio from up to 200,452 adults of European (n = 180,423) or other ancestry (n = 20,029). We standardized PA by categorizing it into a dichotomous variable where, on average, 23% of participants were categorized as inactive and 77% as physically active. While we replicate the interaction with PA for the strongest known obesity-risk locus in the FTO gene, of which the effect is attenuated by ~30% in physically active individuals compared to inactive individuals, we do not identify additional loci that are sensitive to PA. In additional genome-wide meta-analyses adjusting for PA and interaction with PA, we identify 11 novel adiposity loci, suggesting that accounting for PA or other environmental factors that contribute to variation in adiposity may facilitate gene discovery. © 2017 Public Library of Science.All rights reserved.
Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Howard University, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States; Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital HNS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France; Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; ISER, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom; Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Karolinska Institutet, Respiratory Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland; Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute, Vrije Universiteit & VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ InGeest, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland; Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore, Singapore; Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, United States; Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; INSERM U-1018, CESP, Renal and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, UVSQ-UPS, Villejuif, France; Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia; PathWest Laboratory Medicine of WA, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States; USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines; Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy; Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States; Department of Statistics and Biostatistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States; Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Department of Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, United States; Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; St. Olav Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Institute for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; NCA Institute, VU University & VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland; Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia; Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway; Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland; Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States; The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Geriatric Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; INSERM U-1138, Équipe 2: Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Vascular and Renal diseases Related to Diabetes, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, Bichat Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France; Center for Observational Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States; Section of Clinical Child and Family Studies, Department of Educational and Family Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; University of Tartun Genome Centre, Tartu, Estonia; Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States; Social Services and Health Care Department, City of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, United States; Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Graz, Austria; School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom; LIKES Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Canada; School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; University of Leipzig, Medical Department, Leipzig, Germany; Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze, Florence, Italy; School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria; Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Synlab Academy, Synlab Services LLC, Mannheim, Germany; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, United States; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom; Center of Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, Netherlands; Population Health Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
